Chapter 8

Question 1

Agrarian

Answer 1

Referring to the culture of agricultural communities and types of tenure system that determines access to land and kinds of cultivation practices employed there.

Question 2

Agribusiness

Answer 2

A set of economic and political relationships that organizes Agro-food production from development of seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product.

Question 4

Agricultural industrialization

Answer 4

Process whereby farms move from being centrepiece of agricultural production to becoming one part of an integrated swing of vertically organized industrial processes including production, storage, processing, distribution, marketing, and retailing,

Question 6

Aquaculture

Answer 6

Growing of aquatic creatures in ponds on shore or in pens suspended in water.

Question 7

Agriculture

Answer 7

A science, an art, and a business directed at the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance and profit.

Question 8

Biopharming

Answer 8

A process in which genes from other life forms like plant, animal, fungal, bacterial, or human are inserted into host plants.

Question 11

Bio revolution

Answer 11

Genetic engineering of plants and animals.

Question 12

Borlaug hypothesis

Answer 12

States that because global food demand is on the rise, restricting crop usage to traditional low yield methods like organic farming, requires world population to decrease or further conversion of forest land into crop land. Named after Norman Borlaug, the force behind Green Revolution.

Question 13

Blue Revolution

Answer 13

Large scale expansion of aquaculture in late 20th century.

Question 14

Community Supported Agriculture

Answer 14

A cooperative they collects subscriptions and pays a farmer up front to grow food locally for CSA members for a season of a specified time frame.

Question 15

Biotechnology

Answer 15

Any technique using living organisms or their parts to improve, make, or modify plants and animals or develop microorganisms for specific uses.

Question 17

Conventional farming

Answer 17

An approach to agriculture that uses chemicals in forms of plant protectants and fertilizers and intensive, hormone based practices to breed and raise animals.

Question 18

Biofuels

Answer 18

Renewable fuels derived from biological materials that can be regenerated, including corn, soy, and sugar cane.

Question 20

Fast food

Answer 20

Edibles that can be prepared and served quickly in packaged form in a restaurant.

Question 21

Famine

Answer 21

Acute starvation associated with a sharp increase in mortality.

Question 24

Food security

Answer 24

Assured access to enough food at all times to ensure active and healthy lives for a person, a household, or a country.

Question 25

Food sovereignty

Answer 25

Right of peoples, communities, and countries to define their own agricultural, labour, fishing, food, and land policies that are ecologically, socially, economically, and culturally appropriate to their unique circumstances.

Question 26

Chemical farming

Answer 26

Application of synthetic fertilizers to the soil, and herbicides, fungicides, and pesticides to crops to enhance yields.

Question 27

Genetically modified organism

Answer 27

Any organism that had its DNA modified in a laboratory rather than through cross pollination or other forms of evolution.

Question 28

Cost/price squeeze

Answer 28

A situation in which a businesses’s profit margin is reduced by simultaneous decrease in selling prices and rises in production costs.

Question 30

Food regime

Answer 30

Specific set of links existing between food production and consumption and capital investment and accumulation opportunities.

Question 31

Contract farming

Answer 31

Agreement between farmers and processing and or marketing firms for production, supply, and purchase of agricultural products.

Question 32

Commercial agriculture

Answer 32

Farming primarily for sale, not for direct consumption.

Question 34

Food supply chain

Answer 34

A special type of commodity chain composed of 5 Central and connected sectors, like inputs, production, processing, distribution, and consumption, with four contextual elements acting as external mediating forces, the state, international trade, the physical environment, and credit and finance.

Question 38

Malnutrition

Answer 38

Condition that develops if body does not get right amount of vitamins, minerals, and nutrients it needs to maintain healthy tissues and organ function.

Question 39

Globalized agriculture

Answer 39

A system of food production increasingly dependent on an economy and a set of regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization.

Question 40

Local food

Answer 40

Food produced within fairly limited distance from where it is consumed at like usually 100 miles or 160 km. Often is organically grown.

Question 41

Crop rotation

Answer 41

A form of agriculture in which the fields under cultivation remain the same, but the crops planted are changed to balance the types of nutrients drawn from and delivered to the soil.

Question 42

Double cropping

Answer 42

A practice in which fields are planted and harvested more than once a year and restricted usually to milder climates.

Question 44

Food manufacturing

Answer 44

Adding value to agricultural products through treatments like processing, canning, refining, packing, and packaging, occurring off the farm and before they reach the market.

Question 45

Peri-urban agriculture

Answer 45

The establishment or performance of agricultural practices on urban fringes.

Question 47

Organic farming

Answer 47

Farming or animal husbandry occurring without uses of commercial fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, or growth hormones.

Question 50

Slow food

Answer 50

At attempt to resist fast food by preserving cultural cuisine and associated food and farming of an eco region.

Question 51

Undernutrition

Answer 51

Inadequate intake of one or more nutrients and/or of calories.

Question 54

Green Revolution

Answer 54

Export of technological package of fertilizers and high yielding seeds, from core to periphery, to increase global agricultural productivity.

Question 55

Urban agriculture

Answer 55

The establishment or performance of agricultural practices in or near urban or city like setting.

Question 62

Non-traditional agricultural exports (NTAE)

Answer 62

Crops like fruit, vegetables, and flowers that are more competitive in international trade than traditional exports.

Question 63

Intensive subsistence agriculture

Answer 63

Practice that involves effective and efficient use, usually through expenditure of human labour and application of fertilizer, of a small parcel of land to maximize crop yield.

Question 65

Intertillage

Answer 65

The practice of mixing different seeds and seedlings in the same Swidden.

Question 66

Mechanization

Answer 66

Replacement of human farm labour with machines.

Question 67

Hunting and gathering

Answer 67

Activities whereby people feed themselves through killing wild animals, and fish and gathering fruits, roots, nuts, and other edible plants.

Question 70

Pastoralism

Answer 70

Subsistence activity involving breeding and herding of animals to satisfy the human needs of food, shelter, and clothing.

Question 72

Transhumance

Answer 72

Movement of herds according to seasonal rhythms: warmer, lowland areas in winter and cooler, highland areas in summer.

Question 79

Slash and burn agriculture

Answer 79

A method for preparing new fields in which existing plants are cropped close to the ground, left to dry for a period, and then ignited.

Question 80

Shifting cultivation

Answer 80

A system in which farmers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields within which cultivation occurs.

Question 82

Swidden

Answer 82

Land cleared using slash and burn process and is ready for cultivation.

Question 86

Subsistence agriculture

Answer 86

Farming for direct consumption by the producers, not for sale.