Chapter 8

Question 1

Psycholinguistics

Answer 1

Scientific study of psychological aspects of language-understanding, learning etc.

Question 2

5 properties of language

Answer 2

1. Symbolic-Arbitrary symbols represent specific objects
2. Structured-Rules for meanings, sound/word/phrase combos
3. Conveys Meaning
4. Generative-Symbols of language can be combined to generate an infinite number of messages-expresses ideas that have never been expressed before
5. Permits Displacement-Can refer to objects or events that are not physically present.

Question 3

Non-Human Language Characteristics

Answer 3

Symbolic, conveys meaning, but little generativity and displacement.

Question 4

Phonemes vs Morphemes

Answer 4

Phonemes-Most basic unit of speech sounds: English has 44-Changing a phoneme changes meaning of word
Moprhemes-Smallest unit of meaning in language. ex: pig vs pigs (pigs has 2 morphemes, pig and s-s is a different unit of meaning).

Question 5

Semantics

Answer 5

Meanings of words and sentences-can change over time

Question 6

Syntax

Answer 6

Grammatical rules that govern how we organize words into sentences-related to fact that language is structured. Grammar encompasses both syntax and morphology.

Question 7

Pragmatics

Answer 7

Knowledge of the practical application language. Social rules and context of language. Formal vs informal situations.

Question 8

Surface Structure

Answer 8

Words that are actually spoken (or written/signed)

Question 9

Deep Structure

Answer 9

Underlying meaning of sentence

Question 10

Prosody

Answer 10

Its not what you say, but how you say it. Language is strongly related to music in rhythm and emphasis. Emphasis communicates different meanings.

Question 11

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 11

Taking general principles and reasoning about a specific case-involves syllogisms- 3 statements, 2 given facts, and a logical conclusion. Syllogism can also take an if then format.

Question 12

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 12

Taking specific cases and reasoning about a general principle. Conclusions are less certain, more about whats likely-anytime we use past to predict future, is automatic (probabilities).

Question 13

Heuristics

Answer 13

Rules of thumb that usually provide correct answer, b not fool-proof.

Question 14

Availability Heuristic

Answer 14

Events that are more easily remembered are judged to be more likely/probably/common

Question 15

Mckelvie Experiment

Answer 15

Gave participants 26 names, Group A had 12 famous male names and 14 non-famous female names. Group B had the opposite. Asked if list had more male or female names-77% of group A said me male, 81% of group B said more females. Readily remember famous names but not non-famous names.

Question 16

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 16

Likelihood that A is a member of a particular group/category depends on how well A resembles properties we typically associate with the group. Ignores the conjunction rule-probability of 2 events cannot be higher than 1 event alone. Ignores base rate-Relative proportions of different groups oof items.

Question 17

Belief Bias

Answer 17

Tendency to abandon when something contradicts our own personal beliefs. Often confuse logical correctness (validity), with factual correctness (truth). Does conclusion make sense if we assume 2 premises are correct?

Question 18

Emotions and Framing

Answer 18

Tendency to abandon logic in favour of emotion or the way information is presented (or “framed”)-Asked people to give opinions on new cancer treatment, group A was told it was effective 50% of the time, group B was told it failed 50% of the time. Recommendations for the drug varied based on what they’d been told.

Question 19

Confirmation Bias

Answer 19

Tend to selectively attend to information that conforms to our beliefs and ignore contradictory issues. Lord et al (1979)-death penalty articles, people responses to them aligned with their initial beliefs, whether the article was for death penalty or not.

Question 20

Framing

Answer 20

How we think of, interpret, or understand a problem

Question 21

Problem solving schemas

Answer 21

Mental blueprint for how to go about solving a particular problem.

Question 22

Algorithms

Answer 22

Formulae or procedure guaranteed to produce correct answer (eventually).

Question 23

Means-end Analysis

Answer 23

What is the present state and what is the goal state? Steps to achieving this goal effectively.

Question 24

Mental set

Answer 24

Preconceived notion on how to solve a problem based on past experiences.

Question 25

Lunchins Water Jug Problem

Answer 25

3 jugs of different sizes, combined to get specified amount of water. Group A-given all 7 problems that could all be solved the same way. Group B- Given only problems 6 and 7, which could be solved easier. Results-Group B used the shortcut, group A did not.

Question 26

Functional Fixedness

Answer 26

Restricting potential uses of an object to its specific functions.

Question 27

Creativity, divergent thinking, and incubation

Answer 27

Creating something new and valuable, which requires divergent thinking-coming up with new ideas that are different from the norm. Solutions can arrise after incubation-giving up or setting the problem aside.