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PSYCH 200 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

William James

A

Stream of consciousness. Variations in degree to which one is aware of mental events.

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2
Q

The 4 characteristics of consciousness

A
  1. Subjective and Private-no one else knows your experiences
  2. Self Reflective, central to sense of self-we are aware of our own consciousness, reflect on what we are feeling and thinking
  3. Dynamic (ever-changing)
  4. Related to selective attention
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3
Q

3 ways to measure consciousness

A

Self report, physiological measures, behavioural measures.

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4
Q

Self report measures

A

Describe thoughts/feelings. Most common method. Pro: direct insight. Con: Cannot be verified (not objective).

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5
Q

Physiological Measures

A

EEG, fMRI, relate bodily states and mental processes. Pro: objective. Con: not subjective, have to infer mental state.

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6
Q

Behavioural Measures

A

Overt behaviours can tell current state-normally conscious or altered. Pro-objective. Con-must infer mental state or state of consciousness.

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7
Q

What are Freud’s 3 levels of consciousness?

A

Conscious-mental events of which we are currently aware
Preconscious-Mental events not currently in awareness but can easily be recalled (or focused on).
Unconscious- Cannot be brought into conscious mind under ordinary circumstances “Freudian Slip.”

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8
Q

Cognitive Perspective of Consciousness

A

Unconscious is not all repressed memories/urges. Conscious and Unconscious levels are complementary ways of processing info.

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9
Q

Controlled Processing

A

Conscious thought- effortful, voluntary. Example: 1st Learning to drive

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10
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Unconscious-effortless mental activity. Autopilot driving, faster and frees up mental space. Forcing conscious thought can actually screw us up.

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11
Q

What are Circadian Rhythms?

A

24 hour cycles in physiological functions-Blood pressure, urine production, etc. Biological “clock.” Affect mental functioning.

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12
Q

Early Birds vs Night Owls

A

Different circadian rhythms, early birds perform better earlier in the day, body temp is higher earlier. Night owls perform better later in the day, body temp is higher later.

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13
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nuclei (SCN)

A

Found in hypothalamus. “Brain’s Clock,” connects to pineal gland-SCN tells it to stop producing melatonin in the day time. Receptors in eye detect light and send signals to SCN, which reset clock.

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14
Q

Environmental causes of circadian rhythms

A

Body possibly responds to associations with certain times of day, if we take away environmental cues that infer time of day, circadian rhythms still exist, but become longer.

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15
Q

Free running circadian rhythms

A

24.5-25 hour cycles

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16
Q

Hypnosis

A

Condition of narrowed attention and enhanced suggestibility. Initially developed by Franz Mesmer.

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17
Q

Susceptibility scales

A

3 Characteristics- Suggestibility, absorption, and dissociation

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18
Q

Suggestibility

A

Uncritically accept direction or information

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19
Q

Absorption

A

Can focus attention and block out extraneous

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20
Q

Dissociation

A

Can separate from conscious awareness

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21
Q

Is hypnosis involuntary?

A

No. Orne and Evans Experiment and Ikemi and Nakagawas experiment disproved this, as both hypnotized individuals and non-hypnotized individuals had the same results.

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22
Q

James Esdail and Joseph Barber

A

Hypnosis as anasthetic. fMRI showed altered brain activity, but non-hypnotic effects (visualization, etc) showed the same results.

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23
Q

Post-hypnotic amnesia

A

When you wake up, you won’t remember a thing. Happens in 25% of hypnotized people.

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24
Q

Will you remember more details under hypnosis?

A

People do report more info, but most of it is wrong. Increases confidence in the false “memories.” Massive problems with leading questions leaving patients open to suggestion.

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25
Q

Dissociation Theories

A

Consciousness gets divided into two streams-one responds to hypnotist, other stands back and watches (hidden observer), keeps you safe.

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26
Q

Social Cognitive Theories

A

Believe that people “take on the role” of someone being hypnotized. Does not suggest they are faking it, more like top-down perception, perceptual set. We experience what we expect to experience.

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27
Q

Stage 1 Sleep

A

Lightest level, person easily awakened, hypnic jerk. Theta waves- slower and higher amplitude, mixed with irregular alpha waves.

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28
Q

Stage 2 Sleep

A

Slightly deeper, still theta waves, sleep spindle-rapid bursts of brain wave activit.

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29
Q

Stage 3 Sleep

A

Deep sleep, brain activity still shows theta waves with less than 50% delta waves-slowest frequency, highest amplitude-indicates slow wave sleep.

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30
Q

Stage 4 Sleep

A

Deepest level. Theta waves still present but mostly delta waves.

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31
Q

REM Sleep

A

After 20-30 mins in stage 4, the brain goes back up the stages BUT doesn’t reach stage 1. Instead goes into REM sleep, where vivid dreams occur. Increased heart rate and blood flow to genitals. We don’t move during REM sleep. Resembles stage 1 brain waves-Beta and Theta waves-paradoxical sleep.

32
Q

Awake and aware vs awake and drowsy

A

Beta waves, highest frequency and lowest amplitude vs alpha waves, slower with higher amplitude.

33
Q

Reticular Formation and Pons

A

Responsible for REM sleep

34
Q

Relationship between sleep and aging

A

Newborns- Only have two phases of sleep, REM and non-REM. 16 hours of total sleep per day
Children- All 5 sleep stages, REM decreases, 10 hours of sleep
Adults (18-24)- 8.5 hours of sleep, REM holds steady. Elderly: 5-6 hours of sleep, REM holds steady.

35
Q

Basal Forebrain

A

Responsible for falling asleep

36
Q

Sleep Dept

A

Cumulation of loss of sleep

37
Q

Sleep deprivation studies

A

Short term- Up to 45 hours without sleep
Long term- More than 45 hours without sleep
Partial- Less than 5 hours per night

38
Q

Results of sleep deprivation studies

A

All 3 groups showed severe impairments. On average functioned as well as the bottom 10% in non-sleep deprived patients. First mood, then cognition, then coordination.

39
Q

All nighter experiment

A

Pilcher and Walters- students stayed up all night, performed critical thinking task the next day. Sleep-deprived students performed worse, but thought they performed better cuz concentration was high.

40
Q

Sleep deprivation psychosis

A

Confusion, disorientation, delusions and hallucinations associated with extreme sleep deprivation. Could possibly even die- fatal familial insomnia prevents sleep and always results in stupor, coma, and death.

41
Q

Insomnia

A

Frequent, persistant difficulty in falling asleep, staying asleep, or getting a restful sleep. Most common disorder. Feels worse than it is-insomniacs do actually sleep but feel that they don’t. Causes-Biology: Genetics, medical conditions, drugs. Environment: Stress, lifestyle

42
Q

Stimulus Control Treatment

A

Insomnia Treatment-Reduces anxiety or conditioned arousal individuals may feel when going to bed.

43
Q

Paradoxical Intention

A

Patient engages in behaviour that is causing them trouble in order to cure behaviour.

44
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden uncontrollable sleep. Can last minutes to hours. Associated with Cataplexy- sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by laughter, excitement, or other strong emotions. Causes- Biology-environment interaction.

45
Q

REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder (RBD)

A

Lack paralysis during REM sleep. Tend to “act out” their dreams. Causes-brain abnormalities?

46
Q

Sleep walking

A

Typically occurs during stage 3 or 4 sleep, much more common in children. Causes: Biology-Genetics, certain illnesses, drugs. Environment-Stress. Treatment: wait for child to outgrow it, use drugs or psychotherapy.

47
Q

When do we dream?

A

Occur throughout sleep cycle, tend to dream more as morning approaches. REM dreams have vivid story like quality, nightmares also occur here.

48
Q

Slow wave sleep dreaming

A

Brief-often single image, or feeling. Night terrors occur during this stage-very intense panic coupled with physiological response, more like a feeling or single image.

49
Q

What are the three theories of dreaming?

A

Wish fufillment, problem solving, activation synthesis

50
Q

Wish fufillment

A

Freud, unconscious urges, needs, desires are too unaccpetable to be met irl. So our dreams fulfill these wishes.
Manifest Content- Surface story ex) taking train through a tunnel with a stranger
Latent Content- The disguised psychological meaning. Little evidence for this view, extremely subjective.

51
Q

Problem Solving

A

Dreams help us find creative solutions to our problems. Criticisms- just because a problem shows up in a dream doesn’t mean you’re solving it. Might think about dreams AFTER we wake up and then come to a conclusion.

52
Q

Activation Synthesis

A

When we are awake, cerebral cortex makes sense of neural activation-meaningful perception. During sleep, random neural activities occur in lower areas of brain (activation), cerebral cortex makes sense of signals by creating a best fit storyline. Dreams have little meaning, is simply brain trying to make sense of random activity.

53
Q

Correlation of dreaming with learning

A

More eye movements during REM sleep correlated with better performance next day. Selective deprivation of REM sleep prevents learning.

54
Q

Modified Activation Synthesis

A

Brain activity during learning seems to be repeated during REM sleep. Activation is not random-memory consolidation. Neural activity replays what we learned AND some random stimulation, cortex tries to make sense of it.

55
Q

Agonist

A

Increases activity of neurotransmitter. Enhances neurons ability to synthesize, store, or release more neurotransmitter. Can make it harder for re-uptake to occur. Directly mimic neurotransmitter and bind to receptor site.

56
Q

Antagonist

A

Decreases activity of neurotransmitter. Reduces a neurons ability to synthesize, store, or release more neurotransmitter. Prevent neurotransmitter from binding to receptor site by blocking it.

57
Q

Drug Tolerance

A

Decreasing responsiveness to taking a drug. Same dosage produces smaller and smaller effects, so take larger and larger dosages to get same effect. Drugs cause imbalance, brain produces compensatory response-reaction that is opposite to drug to counteract its effect

58
Q

Drug Withdrawal

A

Experiences symptoms opposite of drug. No more drug effect to balance out compensatory response.

59
Q

Compensatory Responses

A

Can be classically conditioned-taking drugs at same time each day, same setting-strong compensatory response-high tolerance. After awhile, setting alone will cause compensatory response.So person needs higher and higher dose to have same effect IN THAT SETTING.

60
Q

Drug Overdose

A

If person goes to a new setting, this doesn’t produce faster/stronger compensatory response. BUT person believes they need same high dose, which results in drug overdose.

61
Q

What are the misconceptions about drugs?

A
  1. Drug tolerance ALWAYS leads to significant withdrawal symptoms
  2. Physiological dependence is a major cause of addiction
62
Q

What are the classes of drugs?

A
  1. Depressants- decrease nervous system activity (alcohol, tranquillizers)
  2. Stimulants- Increase nervous system activity (amphetamines, cocaine)
  3. Opiates- cause pain relief, often with euphoric feeling (morphine, heroin)
  4. Hallucinogens- Cause hallucinations (peyote, LSD)
63
Q

What two neurotransmitters does alcohol increase/decrease?

A

Increases activity of GABA (inhibitory)-decreases brain activity. Decreases activity of glutamate (excitatory)-decreases brain activity.

64
Q

How is alcohol a depressant?

A

Slows down inhibitory control centres of brain at first making them less inhibited so you initially feel more energetic, but then more areas of the brain become inhibited and you become depressed.

65
Q

Barbituates and Tranquillizers

A

Commonly prescribed as sleeping pills and anti anxiety meds. Tolerance is extremely powerful, increased activity of GABA, overall decrease in brain activity.

66
Q

What neurotransmitters do amphetamines increase/decrease?

A

Increased activity of dopamine-feeling of pleasure and euphoria
Increased activity of norepinephrine- related to adrenaline, overall increase in activity.

67
Q

What is amphetamine psychosis?

A

Heavy, repeated use of amphetamines can cause schizophrenia-like symptoms.

68
Q

Cocaine

A

Very little withdrawal symptoms, blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine.

69
Q

What happens in an amphetamine or cocaine overdose?

A

Heart failure, stroke

70
Q

What happens neurologically with opiates?

A

Activates endorphin receptors, which are pain killers. Increases activity of dopamine-euphoria

71
Q

What happens when you overdose on opiates?

A

Decreased breathing, coma

72
Q

How does marijuana work and where is it classified?

A

Unsure where to classify it, binds to Cannabinoid receptors. Increases GABA activity, which decreases brain activity. Increases dopamine, increased happiness.

73
Q

Misconceptions of Marijuana

A
  1. Causes people to become unmotivated bums
  2. Causes people to start more dangerous drugs
  3. It is completely harmless
74
Q

Biological determinants of drug effects

A

Genetic predisposition-can breed alcoholic mice, identical twins are more similar in terms of alcoholism than fraternal twins.

75
Q

Environmental determinants of drug effects

A

Culture, norms about which drugs are okay, cultures behave differently when drunk

PSYCH 200 (9 decks)

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