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PSYCH 200 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Difference between sensation and perception

A

Sensation- Stimulation of sensory organs
Perception- Organizing sensory information into representations of the physical stimulus. Qualitative experience (ex: light of different wave lengths-colour)

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2
Q

Transduction

A

Transformation of physical stimulus into neural signal.

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3
Q

How many senses do humans have?

A

More than 5, including balance, body position, temperature, CO2 detection, bladder fullness, blood vessel dilation.

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4
Q

Define psychophysics

A

How physical stimuli are translated into psychological stimulus.

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5
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

We can’t detect everything, so what’s the weakest/lowest level we can detect? Lowest intensity necessary for a stimulus to be detected 50% of the time. The lower the threshold, the more sensitive to stimulus.

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6
Q

Difference Threshold

A

Just-noticeable difference-the smallest difference between two stimuli that people can detect 50% of the time. Ex) Weight difference between a full backpack and a loonie versus 2 full backpacks, one which has the loonie in it.

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7
Q

Webers Law

A

Size of JND is proportionate to the magnitude of 1st stimulus.

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8
Q

Weber’s Fraction

A

Example: weight lifting, webers fraction is 1/30. Can you tell the difference between 300-310 grams? 300x1/30 =10 grams so YES you can. Versus between 900-910 grams. 900x1/30= 30, so NO, you’d have to have a 30 gram difference. As stimulus gets more intense, difference must also increase for us to perceive it.

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9
Q

Psychophysical Scaling

A

If we double the light in a room, do we perceive it as twice as bright? Does perception match stimulus? Constant increases in stimulus intensity produce smaller and smaller (or larger and larger) increases in perception of intensity.

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10
Q

What is the problem and solution to psychophysical scaling?

A

Problem: Some people claim to always see a difference even if there isn’t one
Solution: Signal detection theory-detecting stimuli involves not only perception but also decision making and psychological state of individual.

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11
Q

What are the four possible outcomes in signal detection theory?

A

Hit- stimulus is present, participant says its present
Correct Rejection- Stimulus is absent, participant says its absent
False Alarm- Stimulus is absent, participant says its present
Miss- Stimulus is present, participant says its absent.

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12
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

Registering sensory input without conscious awareness.

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13
Q

James Vicary

A

Messages of “drink cola,” or “eat popcorn,” flashed on screen during a movie, claimed it boosted sales. Was a hoax!

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14
Q

How does vision work?

A

Sensory stimulus is “light.” Different species have different electromagnetic spectrum that is visibile.

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15
Q

Cornea

A

Protective bump at front of the eye. Bends light, part of process of focusing light onto retina (80%), but it is fixed in place.

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16
Q

Pupil

A

Hole/opening that allows certain amount of light into eye. Eyes try to keep that amount optimal (pupillary reflex). Dilation or constricted controlled by muscles in iris.

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17
Q

Lens

A

Elastic, crystalline structure that also helps focus light onto retina. Purpose is to focus light directly onto retina. Changes shape in order to focus light from different distances (accomodation). Thinner to focus distant objects, thicker to focus closer ones. Shape controlled by ciliary muscles-relaxed=thin lense, contracted=thick lens.

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18
Q

Near point of vision

A

When the lens reaches its maximum curvature, object blurs.

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19
Q

Retinal image

A

Refraction by the lens causes image on retina to be upside down and backwards (inverted).

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20
Q

Myopia (near-sightedness)

A

Light from distant sources is focused IN FRONT of retina. Often caused by slight elongation of the eyes.

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21
Q

Hyperopia (far-sightedness)

A

Light from nearby sources is focused BEHIND retina. Often caused by slightly short eye length or aging (lose lens elasticity-presbyopia).

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22
Q

Astigmatism

A

Lens of cornea is irregularly shaped, results in more than one focal point.

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23
Q

What are the cells of the retina?

A

Photoreceptors (rods and cones), Horizontal cells, Bipolar cells, Amacrine Cells, Ganglion cells (axon=optic nerve). PHBAG.

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24
Q

Rods

A

120 million per eyeball. Extremely sensitive to light, help with vision in the dark. Convergence causes rods to be more sensitive but have less accurate acuity. Doesn’t give information about colour, only in periphery (not fovea).

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25
Q

Cones

A

6 million per eyeball. Less sensitive to light-vision in bright environments. No convergence means better acuity, but poorer sensitivity. Required for colour vision.

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26
Q

Fovea

A

Small area (1mm), in center of retina. Vast majority of vision is here. Involved in directed looking, high concentration of photoreceptors. Only cones.

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27
Q

Blind-spot

A

Ganglion cell axons make up optic nerve, leaves eye through “hole” at back of the eye. No receptors in this area creates a blind spot. Normally unaware of it, brain fills in missing area.

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28
Q

Transduction in the eyes

A

Photopigments- proteins that change shape when they absorb light, causes an action potential. Over time, they change back to original shape. 10 mins for cones, 20 for rods.

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29
Q

Dark adaptation

A

Progressive increase in sensitivity to light. As you enter a dark room from a brightly lit hallway, photopigments have already been mostly used up. Photopigments must be regenerated.

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30
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Gradual decline in sensitivity to a stimulus over prolonged stimulation. Result of sensory neurons firing less. All senses adapt to help us focus on what’s important. (ex: new/different).

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31
Q

Habituation

A

Decreased response to a repeated stimulus, ex) ticking clock, feel of clothing on skin. Is the result of simple learning processes in CNS, not neurons firing less.

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32
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

Condition in which a person can see, but cannot recognize or interpret visual information, due to a disorder in parietal lobes.

33
Q

Visual Prosopagnosia

A

Ability to recognize faces is impaired.

34
Q

What are the properties of colour vision?

A

Frequency-determines hue (colour). Amplitude-determines colour “brightness.” Saturation- many/few wavelengths at once. (cone of colour perception)

35
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

A

3 types of cones, each maximally stimulated by either blue, green, or red light. Visual cortex adds up inputs and figures out original colour of the light. Problem-says yellow is based on red green input, BUT peop with red green colourblindness still see yellow.

36
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

Thought each cone responded to two colours: Red/green, blue/yellow, black/white. Opposite colours in pair might be result of 2 different chemical reactions. Explanation of colour-after image. After staring-receptors get “tired.”

37
Q

Dual Process Theory

A

Currently best understanding of colour vision. Both theories were partially correct. Cones are sensitive to blue, green, red, and opponent processes do occur, at ganglion level.

38
Q

What are the 3 terms for colour blindness?

A

Trichromat- 3 types of cones-normal colour vision
Dichromat- 2 types of cones, not truly colour blind but can only see some colours (missing blue cone is rare)
Monochromats-Truly blind to colours

39
Q

Bottom-up perception

A

Basic, individual sensory signals are combined (integrated) to produce a unified perception. Detect features-combine features into complex form-recognize stimulus.

40
Q

What are feature detector cells?

A

Looks at visual pattern. Fires more for lines of a specific angle, based on patterns of ganglions firing. Looks at an image based purely on lines. First step to seeing the world. Signals from eye split into 10 different signals called parallel processing. Combines feature maps into unified percept.

41
Q

What are the parts of the visual association cortex?

A

Ventral stream- object perception (naming)

Dorsal Stream- Action with object

42
Q

Recognition by components

A

Irving Biederman (1987)-Said there are 36 fundamental “geons”-3D volumetric shapes from which make up all real world objects. All objects have unique configuration of geons.

43
Q

Principle of Componential Recovery

A

If I can see the components, I can recognize the object

44
Q

Problem with Bottom up Perception

A

Perception is more than just receptors firing- other factors influence perspectives (prior knowledge, expectations, attention).

45
Q

S. Palmers Study (1975)

A

Asked participants to name line drawn objects. Before seeing object, participant was shown a scene, and were told that it didn’t matter, he only wanted the name of the object. Scene was appropriate or inappropriate for the object. Results were that people performed better when object was presented after seeing appropriate context.

46
Q

Top-down Perception

A

Existing knowledge, ideas, or expectations about the “whole,” affect how we interpret sensory stimuli. Formulate perceptual hypothesis-examine features to check hypothesis- recognize stimulus.

47
Q

Gestalt Theory

A

Whole was greater than the sum of its parts. Real world tends to be relatively predictable. Real world follows physical laws, so our perceptions reflect this.

48
Q

Law of Continuity

A

Points that, when linked together, would make a straight or smoothly curved continuous line are seen as the same object.

49
Q

Law of Similarity

A

Similar things tend to be grouped together. Things that are dissimilar are separate objects.

50
Q

Law of Proximity

A

Elements that are near one another tend to be perceived as going together.

51
Q

Law of Closure

A

Tend to close edges or fill in gaps in an incomplete figure to make it more complete.

52
Q

Law of Figure vs Ground

A

Tend to perceive figures in the foreground on top of a continuous background. Edges/contour are part of the figure.

53
Q

Law of Meaningfulness or Familiarity

A

Tend to perceive things in terms of meaningful or familiar groupings (example: shapes in clouds).

54
Q

Principle of Pragnanz

A

Tend to perceive things such that the resulting structure is as simple as possible, sometimes called “Law of Simplicity.”

55
Q

Gestalt Laws

A

Suggest that perceptions are based on unconscious assumptions about the world, Involves heuristics.

56
Q

Heuristics

A

Rule of thumb that often works to solve a problem (not always). Example: light from above heuristic.

57
Q

Perceptual Set

A

A readiness to perceive things a certain way, we see what we expect to see. Example: Harold Kelly’s Guest Lecturer

58
Q

Perceptual Schema

A

Primed by perceptual set, representation of an object/image. We compare what we actually see with our mental library of schemata; as long as one is close enough, we recognize it.

59
Q

Perceptual Constancies

A

Tendency to experience some, stable perception despite changes in sensory input. Otherwise we’d have to rediscover items when size changes, light changes.

60
Q

Size constancy

A

SIze perception is not determined solely by size of image on retina. Size of object perceived as constant, even across different distances.

61
Q

Shape Constancy

A

Shape perception is not determined solely by the pattern of receptor firing. Shape of an object viewed as constant

62
Q

Brightness Constancy

A

Lightness of an object is generally perceived as constant, even across different lighting conditions

63
Q

Colour Constancy

A

Colour of an object perceived as constant even under different lighting conditions.

64
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failure to register unattended stimuli in consciousness. Ex: Gorilla video. People can’t really multitask, actually called “task-switching.”

65
Q

How does perception actually work?

A

Examine features to check hypothesis-compare observed features to perceptual schema- recognize object or “whole,” both bottom up and top down theories happen at same time.

66
Q

Depth Perception

A

Retina is like a projector screen, lens shines light on it, but it’s still only 2D, perception is 3D.

67
Q

Monocular Depth cues

A

Requires only 1 eye

68
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

Requires both eyes

69
Q

Linear Perspective

A

Vanishing point-parallel lines converge in the distance.

70
Q

Texture/Clarity

A

Texture appears finer in the distance. Near by objects are more clearly seen. Clarity-distant objects are less clear.

71
Q

Interposition

A

Objects in front cut off parts of object behind

72
Q

Height in Horizontal Plane

A

Near objects tend to be lower on the horizontal plane (farther from horizon). Rule: closeness to horizon determines this, not size of object.

73
Q

Relative Size

A

Farther objects take up less retinal shape

74
Q

Motion Parallax

A

As we move, nearby objects seem to zip past, while far away ones seem to slowly move.

75
Q

Binocular Disparity

A

Each eye sees a slightly different image of the world. Closer objects are more different

76
Q

Convergence

A

To focus on an object, the eyes both point towards it. Closer objects-eyes turn more inward, muscles give feedback about how crossed our eyes are.

77
Q

What are the 2 cues to perceiving movement?

A

Primary: Motion across retina, cells fire “sequentially,” feature detectors interpret as movement.
Perception- Also depends on culture. Pictures interpreted with respect to our own cultural experiences.

78
Q

What is the critical period in vision?

A

Time during which certain experiences must occur if brain mechanisms that underlie them are to continue developing. Neurons need input to live.

79
Q

What is a deprivation experiment?

A

Arranged so something that is normally present in environment is missing. Ex) Blakemoore and Cooper’s kitten experiment.

PSYCH 200 (9 decks)

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