Chapter 8 Flashcards
Associative play
children play alongside one another, but exchange toys and talk about each other’s activities.
authoritarian parenting style
emphasize behavioral control and obedience over warmth. Children are expected to conform to parental standards without question. Violations are accompanied by violent, arbitrary punishment. These kids tend to be withdrawn, mistrustful, and anxcious.
authoritative parenting style
the most positive developmental outcomes are associated with this parenting style. They are warm and sensitive to to childrens needs but also are firm in their expectations that children conform to to appropriate standards of behavior.
cooperative play
this is the most form of play because children play together and work toward a common goal, such as building a bridge or engaging in make-believe play
discipline
202
empathy
199
gender constancy
refers to the child’s understanding that gender does not change, that he or she will always be the the same regardless of appearence, activites, or attitudes. This may lead to more gender typing.
gender identity
awareness of whether one is a boy or a girl, occurs at about age 2. Once they label themselves as boy or girl, they then classify the world around them .
gender roles
210
gender schema theory
Another cognitive explanation of gender role development which emphasizes information processing and envirnmental influences. this is a concept or mental structure that organizes gender-related information.
This becomes the principle
gender stability
by the age of 3, the understanding that gender does not change over time. This is not an internal construct yet, but rather an external construct at this stage.
gender typing
210
Inductive discipline
These are methods which use reasoning are effective alternatives to spanking to changing a childs behavior. Providing choices and helping to find words to express emotion.
The AAP recomends that parents positively inforce and discourage inappropriate behavior.
initiative versus guilt
198
instrumental aggression
201
mandated reporters
208
no-nonsense parenting
this is outside of the four major groups of parenting. This is seen in african american families that emphasizes high even strict, parental control as well as warmth and affection. Also seen in mexico in dangerous areas to live. praise cognitive mature and show more attentiveness and developed more self control.
Parrallel Play
children play along side each other but do not interact
parenting style
201
permissive parenting style
203
prosocial behavior
199
relational aggression
210
rough-tumble play
all children engage in rough and tumble play which includes running, climbing, chasing, jumping, and play fighitng.
self-esteem
198
social comparison
199
sociodramtic play
tends to involve activity and themes of danger and conflict, girls tend to be involve themes of cooperation and fostering orderly social relationships, such as pretending to enact household and school roles.
sympathy
This is concern or sorrow for another person.
time-out
This is when a child is removed from the current situation for a short period of time which is shown to be effective in reducing inappropriate behavior.
uninvolved parenting style
203
