Chapter 8

Question 1

Associative play

Answer 1

children play alongside one another, but exchange toys and talk about each other’s activities.

Question 2

authoritarian parenting style

Answer 2

emphasize behavioral control and obedience over warmth. Children are expected to conform to parental standards without question. Violations are accompanied by violent, arbitrary punishment. These kids tend to be withdrawn, mistrustful, and anxcious.

Question 3

authoritative parenting style

Answer 3

the most positive developmental outcomes are associated with this parenting style. They are warm and sensitive to to childrens needs but also are firm in their expectations that children conform to to appropriate standards of behavior.

Question 4

cooperative play

Answer 4

this is the most form of play because children play together and work toward a common goal, such as building a bridge or engaging in make-believe play

Question 5

discipline

Answer 5

202

Question 6

empathy

Answer 6

199

Question 7

gender constancy

Answer 7

refers to the child’s understanding that gender does not change, that he or she will always be the the same regardless of appearence, activites, or attitudes. This may lead to more gender typing.

Question 8

gender identity

Answer 8

awareness of whether one is a boy or a girl, occurs at about age 2. Once they label themselves as boy or girl, they then classify the world around them .

Question 9

gender roles

Answer 9

210

Question 10

gender schema theory

Answer 10

Another cognitive explanation of gender role development which emphasizes information processing and envirnmental influences. this is a concept or mental structure that organizes gender-related information.

This becomes the principle

Question 11

gender stability

Answer 11

by the age of 3, the understanding that gender does not change over time. This is not an internal construct yet, but rather an external construct at this stage.

Question 12

gender typing

Answer 12

210

Question 13

Inductive discipline

Answer 13

These are methods which use reasoning are effective alternatives to spanking to changing a childs behavior. Providing choices and helping to find words to express emotion.
The AAP recomends that parents positively inforce and discourage inappropriate behavior.

Question 14

initiative versus guilt

Answer 14

198

Question 15

instrumental aggression

Answer 15

201

Question 16

mandated reporters

Answer 16

208

Question 17

no-nonsense parenting

Answer 17

this is outside of the four major groups of parenting. This is seen in african american families that emphasizes high even strict, parental control as well as warmth and affection. Also seen in mexico in dangerous areas to live. praise cognitive mature and show more attentiveness and developed more self control.

Question 18

Parrallel Play

Answer 18

children play along side each other but do not interact

Question 19

parenting style

Answer 19

201

Question 20

permissive parenting style

Answer 20

203

Question 21

prosocial behavior

Answer 21

199

Question 22

relational aggression

Answer 22

210

Question 23

rough-tumble play

Answer 23

all children engage in rough and tumble play which includes running, climbing, chasing, jumping, and play fighitng.

Question 24

self-esteem

Answer 24

198

Question 25

social comparison

Answer 25

199

Question 26

sociodramtic play

Answer 26

tends to involve activity and themes of danger and conflict, girls tend to be involve themes of cooperation and fostering orderly social relationships, such as pretending to enact household and school roles.

Question 27

sympathy

Answer 27

This is concern or sorrow for another person.

Question 28

time-out

Answer 28

This is when a child is removed from the current situation for a short period of time which is shown to be effective in reducing inappropriate behavior.

Question 29

uninvolved parenting style

Answer 29

203