Chapter 7

Question 1

Animism

Answer 1

Egocentric thinking where inanimate objects are alive and have feelings and intentions

Question 2

Centration

Answer 2

Preoperational children exhibit this which is the tendency to focus on one part of a stimulus or situation and exclude all others

Question 3

Irreversibility

Answer 3

Young children do not believe that processes or actions can be undone to reverse the effects

Question 4

Conservation

Answer 4

Preoperational children will not understand the laws of conservation and that a substance is not transformed by its appearance

Question 5

Pre-operational reasoning

Answer 5

Appears in young children from 2-6 and is characterized by a dramatic leap in the use of symbolic thinking that permits young children to use language interact with others and play using their own thoughts to guide behavior

Question 6

Zone of proximal development

Answer 6

The gap between the child’s competence level, what he can do alone, and what he can do with assistance

Upper limit is accomplish with skilled partner
Adults tend to naturally give child scaffolds

Question 7

Guided participation

Answer 7

Apprenticeship in thinking
A form of sensitive teaching in which the partner is attuned to the needs of the child and helps them him or her to accomplish more than the child can do alone

Question 8

Scaffold

Answer 8

The expert partner provides this that permits the child to bridge the gap between his or her current competence level and the task at hand.

Question 9

Recognition and recall memory

Answer 9

Ability to recognize a stimulus which has previously been encountered. Almost perfect in 4-5 year olds
Recall is the ability to remember without it having to be seen. This is much poorer in younger children

Question 10

Corpus Callosum

Answer 10

250-800 million connective fibers that connect the two brain hemispheres which allows them to communicate and work together. This grows and myelinates during early childhood

Question 11

episodic memory

Answer 11

This refers to the memory for events and information acquired during those events

Question 12

Executive function

Answer 12

173

Question 13

fine motor skills

Answer 13

Advances here allow children to take care of themselves and responsibility for their own care

Question 14

Gross motor skills

Answer 14

Allows for the development of mastery of their environment

Question 15

Growth hormone

Answer 15

They are secreted from birth and influences growth of nearly all parts of the body. Deficiens show slowed growth but growth supplements can be administered and stimulate as needed.

Question 16

guided participation

Answer 16

177

Question 17

hormones

Answer 17

They are secreted by the body and are released into the blood stream by glands. They influence cells via gentic instructions

Question 18

irreversibility

Answer 18

173

Question 19

Infantile amnesia

Answer 19

181

Question 20

Laterlization

Answer 20

this is when each of the hemispheres begins to become specilized to carry out different functions and they communicate with one another. It begins before birth and is influenced by genes.

Question 21

memory strategies

Answer 21

To help remember items, use techniques such as chunking. See as early as 4 years old categorizing containers and sizes

Question 22

Metacognition

Answer 22

Knowledge of how the mind works and the ability to control the mind

Question 23

morality of constraint

Answer 23

This is when children are aware of the rules and see them as sacred and unalterable. Children believe rules can not be changed.

Question 24

overregulation

Answer 24

188

Question 25

plasticity

Answer 25

The human brain has the ability to change its organization and function in response to experience throughout the lifespan. It is not absolute.

Question 26

Pre-conventional reasoning

Answer 26

Young children who display cognitive reasoning at the properational stage are at the lowest level of Kohlberg’s scheme.

Question 27

preoperational reasoning

Answer 27

It appears in young children from ages of 2 to 6. it is characterized by a dramatic leap in the use of symbolic thinking that permits`young children to use language

Question 28

private speech

Answer 28

self talk which makes up 20-50% of utterances of children ages 4 to 10.
Piaget believes this is a result from cognitive developmenet and indicative of cogitive immaturity. This plays a role in self regulation. Used as you get more olde rprivately to accomplish tasks.

Question 29

Project Head Start

Answer 29

One of the most early successful early childhood education programs in the united states

Question 30

Recall Memory

Answer 30

The ability to come up with idea on their own

Question 31

Recognition Memory

Answer 31

The ability to recognize once it is examined.

Question 32

Self-regulation

Answer 32

private speech plays a role in it. The ability to control ones impulses and appropriately direct behavior, it increases throughout preschool years.

Question 33

scaffolding

Answer 33

An expert partner provides this which permits the child to bridge the gap between his or her competance level and the task at hand.

Question 34

scripts

Answer 34

See this type of memory in episodic memory

Question 35

theory of mind

Answer 35

182

Question 36

zone of proximal development

Answer 36

See effective scaffolding works within the zone of proximal development. This is the gap between the child’s competence level, what he can do on his own, and with assistance. The top level is completely.