Chapter 8

Question 1

Bivariate correlations

Answer 1

associations that involve exactly two variables

also called bivariate associations

Question 2

R value

Answer 2

Correlation coefficiant

Question 3

T test

Answer 3

Statistic to test the difference between two group averages

It is still possible to calculate an r value, but a t test is more commonly used.

Question 4

What makes a study correlational?

Answer 4

Having two measured variables, using either a bar graph of scatter plot

Question 5

Construct Validity

Answer 5

How well was each variable measured

Question 6

Statistical Validity

Answer 6

How do the data support the conclusion

Question 7

Internal Validity

Answer 7

Can we make a casual inference frmo association?

Question 8

External validity

Answer 8

To whom can the association be generalized?

Question 9

Effect size

Answer 9

describes the strength of an association.

How close they stick to a line

Question 10

Statistical significance

Answer 10

didn’t find the result by chance.
refers to the conclusion researchers make regarding how probable it is that they would get a correlation of that size by chance, assuming that there is not a correlation in the real world

Question 11

P value

Answer 11

Probability estimate
Provides information about statistical significance by evaluation the probability that the association in the sample came form a population with an association of zero
dependent on sample size and effect size.

Question 12

Outlier

Answer 12

An extreme score

Question 13

Restriction of range

Answer 13

When there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables in an association in a correlational study, it can make the correlation appear smaller than it really is.

Question 14

Curvilinear association

Answer 14

Correlation Coefficient is zero (or close to zero), and the relationship isn’t a straight line.

Question 15

The Three Criteria for Establishing Causation

Answer 15

Covariance, Temportal precedence ( the directionality problem), Internal validity (third-variable problem)

Question 16

Covairiance

Answer 16

There must be an association between the cause variable (A) and the effect variable (B).

Question 17

Temporal precedence (the directionality problem):

Answer 17

The causal variable (A) must come before the effect variable (B).

Question 18

Internal validity (third-variable problem)

Answer 18

Is there a third variable (C) that is associated with variables A and B independently? If so, then we can’t infer causation.

Question 19

spurious association

Answer 19

one that is only present because of a third variable

Question 20

Moderator

Answer 20

a variable that can change the relationship of two variables by changing its own level.