Chapter 10

Question 1

Experiment

Answer 1

at least one variable was manipulated and at least one variable was measured by the researcher.

Question 2

Manipulated variable

Answer 2

researcher assigns participants to a particular level of the variable; example: notetaking method (levels: computer, longhand)

Question 3

Measured variable

Answer 3

research records what happens in terms of behavior of attitudes based on self-report, behavioral observations, or physiological measures; example: number of anagrams solved correctly.

Question 4

Independent variable (IV):

Answer 4

manipulated

Question 5

Dependent variable (DV):

Answer 5

measured, outcome variable

Question 6

Conditions

Answer 6

levels of an independent variable

Up to the researcher to choose

Question 7

Control variable

Answer 7

any variable that an experimenter holds constant

Question 8

Confound

Answer 8

Confuse

alternative explanations, and they can threaten internal validity

Question 9

Design Confound

Answer 9

a second variable varying along with the IV and provides an alternate explanation
Ie: If the laptop group had to answer more difficult essay questions this would be a design confound.

Question 10

Systematic variability

Answer 10

If large bowls had better pasta than those in the medium bowl group, then that’s systematic

Question 11

Unsystematic variability

Answer 11

is random or haphazard and affects both groups. It is not a confound. However, it can make it difficult to detect differences in your DV.

Question 12

selection effect

Answer 12

occurs in an experiment when the participants in one level of the IV are systematically different than the participants in the other level or levels of the IV.

Question 13

matched groups

Answer 13

Matching involves matching groups on some variable (e.g., IQ

Question 14

Independent-groups design

Answer 14

different groups of participants placed at different levels of the IV; example: each participant was randomly assigned to either the large or medium serving bowl condition. Two types: posttest-only and pretest/posttest

Question 15

Within-groups design

Answer 15

each participant is presented with all levels of the IV; example: if you conducted a notetaking study and each participant engaged in both longhand and laptop notetaking.

Question 16

order effect

Answer 16

occurs when exposure to one level of the IV influences reactions to other levels of the IV

Question 17

practice effect

Answer 17

occurs when participants either get better at a task from practice or get worse at a task due to fatigue (called a fatigue effect

Question 18

carryover effect

Answer 18

occurs when there is contamination carrying over from one condition to the next. Example: You drink caffeinated coffee and then take a test. Then you drink decaf coffee and take a test. However, the caffeinated coffee is still having an effect on you on the second test.

Question 19

Demand characteristics (aka experimental demand

Answer 19

occur when participants pick up on cues that lead them to guess the experiment’s hypothesis.