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Personality Psychology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Perspective/theory invented by Freud

A

Psychoanalytic Perspective

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2
Q

Who invented the psychoanalytic perspective/theory?

A

Freud

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3
Q

Who were the 3 main influences on Freud’s theory

A

Darwin: Evolutionary theory: We’re all animals, primitive/sexual instincts, impulses
Helmholtz: Conservation of energy –> psychic energy
Victorian Europe: Sexually restrained, intolerant, and strict moral code. Freud’s theory talked about human urges and impulses that countered this code.

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4
Q

Henry Murray’s Quote Message

A

Personality psychology looks at visible, clear patterns instead of what is beneath and difficult to understand about personality –> addressed by psychoanalytic personality

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5
Q

Freud’s Ideas Influenced…

A 
psychology/psychiartry
sociology/anthropology
poli-sci
The arts (Salvador Dali)
Everyday discourse: "Freudian slip"
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6
Q

Personality Def in Theory and relation to 3Ds

A

Personality def: Set of processes always in motion (DYNAMIC of the 3D’s) personality pressures can conflict

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7
Q

The 3D’s to characterize perspectives

A

Description, development, and dynamic

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8
Q

3 Theory Themes

A
  • Defense mechanism against self
  • Evolutionary theory –> human life governed by: lust,aggression,sexuality, and death.
  • Perspective is highly metaphorical
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9
Q

Lost in translation and reason

A

Freud’s theories not translated properly from German to English
He did not correct them due desire to keep his theories separate from medicine
He also resented US medical association due to their persecution of his treatment of some test subjects with cocaine

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10
Q

General Salient Characteristics of Theory

A

Determinism
Unconscious motivation
Infantile sexuality
Conflict is the norm

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11
Q

Determinism def and two types

A

Def: events always have causes

1) Physical determinism
2) Physchic determinsim

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12
Q

Physical determinism

A

The basic tenet of science

Everything that happens has a cause that can always be identified by someone sufficiently smart, diligent, and equipped.

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13
Q

Psychic determinism

A

Everything that a person does has a specific cause that can be identified.
No accidents, miracles, or free will.
Behavior is routed in the structure and dynamics of personality (often subconscious)

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14
Q

Steps for understanding the theory

A

Steps for understanding the theory

1) Organize mind/personality
2) evoke notion of intrapsychic processes
3) Functioning of the mind –> f(x) of the personality

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15
Q

Mind Topography Model and which levels observed by who

A 
Conscious Level (common characterization)
Preconcisous Level (common characterization) 
Unconcious Level (Freud's contribution)
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16
Q

Conscious level

A

Things the person is currently aware of/thinking about
Can be thought about logically and described verbally
Working memory

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17
Q

Preconcious level

A

In ordinary memory but not actively being thought about. (ie what you had for breakfast this morning not thought about until you read this)

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18
Q

Unconscious level (and key idea)

A

Portions of the mind actively kept from consciousness/not accessible
Can only enter awareness in the distorted form
Still, have a dynamic influence on personality
Key idea: motivated unconciouss

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19
Q

Structural Model: 3 functional components of personality (and Latin meanings)

A

1) Id (“it”)
2) Ego (“I”)
3) Superego (“over I”)

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20
Q

When does the Id develop?

A

Original part of personality & present at birth

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21
Q

What is/embodies the Id?

A
  • embodies inherited, instinctive primitive aspects of personality
  • closely tied to biological functions
  • source of all psychic energy
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22
Q

What principle does the Id follow? Define it.

A

Pleasure Principle: the true purpose of life is the immediate satisfaction of all needs.

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23
Q

What is the purpose and process of Id?

A

Primary Process: Purpose is as a mechanism for the discharge of tension. The process is through “wish fulfillment”

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24
Q

Unmet needs result in a state of …

A

aversive tension

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25
Q

Wish fulfillment

A

Formation of mental image of desired object, activity that would meet need.

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26
Q

Three Primary Process Lines of Thinking

A

1) Displacement
2) Condensation
3) Symbolization

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27
Q

Displacement

A

replace one idea or image with another

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28
Q

Condensation

A

to compress several ideas or images into one

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29
Q

Symbolization

A

may have things stand for something else

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30
Q

Freud’s theory about symbolization and some examples

A 
That there were certain universal symbols
House = human body
King/Queen = parents
Small animals/vermin = children
Children = genitals
Clothes = nakedness
Bath = birth
Bridge = death
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31
Q

How/when/where is the primary process observable?

A
  • Conscious thought of very small children
  • During fever deliriums
  • During dreams
  • Leaking into consciousness: slips of tongue, accidents, lapses of memory
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32
Q

Weaknesses of the Id

A

Doesn’t care how needs are met.
Can be irrational, reckless, and imoral
Doesn’t differentiate btwn objective and subjective reality

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33
Q

When/why does the Ego develop?

A

-Develops because id functions cannot deal effectively with objective reality.

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34
Q

What does Ego still lack?

A

Ego still has no moral sense, simply wants to fulfill needs given the constraints of reality

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35
Q

What principle does the Ego follow? Define it.

A

Reality Principle: Behavior is governed by an external, objective world.
-Must weight the risks of an action before acting (higher-order thought)

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36
Q

What is/embodies Id

A
  • Tries to make sure impulses are expressed effectively by taking into account the external world
  • Introduces a sense of rationality and logic, provides capacity for realistic thought. (“reality testing”)
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37
Q

Ego’s role if risks are too high

A

Find another way to meet need or delay for safer/more sensible time

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38
Q

At what level does the Ego act?

A

Mostly concscious and preconcious (b/c of concern with external world), however acts a little at subconcious due to ties with Id.

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39
Q

At which levels does the Id act?

A

Entirely at the subconscious level

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40
Q

What is the purpose and process of the Ego.

A

Purpose: Delay the discharge of the Id’s tension until an appropriate object or context is found (delayed gratification)
Secondary Process: Mechanism for identification

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41
Q

Identification

A

matching the image of needed object/activity to real object/activity

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42
Q

Horse and Rider Metaphor

A 
Id = Horse: locomotor energy
Ego = Rider: determines goals and guides movement towards them
Superego = Critical and judgmental father on back of chariot
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43
Q

Main idea of Freud’s quote on horse metaphor

A

Often the horse is the one truly deciding and the ego sort of goes along with it and develops rational justification for why they claimed to want that initially

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44
Q

What does Superego embody?

A

Societal and mostly parental values

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45
Q

When does Superego develop?

A

As child tries to come to gripes with strong feelings towards parents

  • To obtain affection (reward) do what parents think is right
  • To avoid disapproval (punishment) avoid what parents think is wrong
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46
Q

Introjection

A

Process of absorbing the values of your parents into your superego

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47
Q

What is the process of absorbing the values of your parents into your superego

A

Introjection

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48
Q

Components of the Superego

A

Ego-ideal

Conscience

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49
Q

Ego Ideal

A
  • Consists of rules about good behavior and standards of excellence
  • Functions to make a person feel proud of accomplishments and worthy behavior
  • Reflects things to strive for
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50
Q

Conscience

A
  • Consists of rules about bad and prohibited behavior

- Functions to make a person feel guilty for transgressions & reflects things to avoid

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51
Q

What are the goals of the Superego

A
  • Inhibit any Id impulse that would cause disapproval from parents
  • Force ego to act morally, rather than rationally
  • Guide person toward perfection in thought, word, and behavior
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52
Q

Problem with the Superego

A

While it exerts a civilizing effect, its perfectionism is not realistic

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53
Q

Problem with Ego

A

In constant conflict with Id

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54
Q

At which levels does the Superego act?

A

Acts at all levels

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55
Q

What is the 3 step “hard road” of the Ego after Superego has developed

A

Ego must release tension immediately (Id demand) in a way that is socially and morally acceptable (superego demand) and realistic (external environment demand).

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56
Q

Neurological Correlates of Id and Ego (and Superego)

A

Id - Limbic system (area of brain from which drives and emotions originate)
Ego (and Superego) - Frontal lboes of the cerebral cortex (key in attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, consciousness)

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57
Q

Who used what kind of test to confirm areas of rational conscious thought?

A

Solms used PET scans

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58
Q

What did Solms test and find?

A

He used PET scans to confirm cortical areas of rational conscious thought. He found the prefrontal cortex was inactive during REM while the limbic system was very active.

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59
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory Energy Assumptions

A
  • People are complex energy systems
  • People are born with given amount of energy that remains relatively constant throughout life
  • Energy can be transformed, rearranged, and distributed
  • Energy is psychic, not physical
  • Psychic energy fuels personality
  • Energy used in psychological work (thinking, planning, perceiving) is created and released by biological processes
  • These biological processes operate through the Id = “Drives” = “Instincts”
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60
Q

What are the two related elements to drive and what do they combine to form?

A

1) biological need state (lack of water in cells)
2) psychological representation (thirst)

Combine to form: action (drinking water)

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61
Q

Hydraulic model

A
  • Hydraulic model reversed the normal work/energy relation (use work to release energy not use energy to do work)
  • drive states build until action causes tension to be released through action
  • Trying to prevent a drive from being expressed only creates more pressure towards its expression
62
Q

What is the concept of cathexes

A

Energy can be attached to/withdrawn from objects, images, or activities (investment of energy.)

63
Q

What are the 3 types of cathexes

A

1) object cathexis = investment in an image
2) ego cathexis = investment in thing associated witth need satisfaction
3) anti-cathexis = investment of energy to contain Id impulses from acting in irrational/immoral way (repression)

64
Q

Relation of parental ideals to cathexes

A

Parental ideals cathected by superego becomme part of the ego ideal and conscience

65
Q

pseudopodia

A

amoeba extends part of itself to release energy (cathexis)

66
Q

Two Classes of Drive/Instincts (and Freud’s associated energy)

A

Eros - life and or sexual instincts (libido)

Thantos - death instincts (none)

67
Q

life instincts greek word and definition

A

Eros - drives concerned with survival, reproduction, and pleasure (live and love).

68
Q

Eros examples

A

hunger, pain avoidance, sex

69
Q

Eros pro/con

A

Pro: In transformed state energizes most desirable human activity (culture, arts, science)
Con: If raw can be destructive without consideration of reality.

70
Q

death instincts Greek word and definition

A

Natural desire for ultimate release of tension (death) that is held in check by Eros

71
Q

Thantos Freud quote

A

‘The goal of life is death’

72
Q

Thantos leads to what sort of behavior and why

A

redirecting self harm towards others –> aggressive behavior

73
Q

Thantos physiological analog

A

Cell apoptosis (programmed cell death)

74
Q

Energy hypothesis definition (from who?)

A

Personality has only a limited amount of energy; what is used for one purpose is unavailable for other purposes (Freud)

75
Q

Energy hypothesis applied to behavior

A

Energy tied up in repression is unable to be applied to situations dealing with current reality
Also unavailable for more creative adaptive functioning.

Inhibit emotion –> drains energy

76
Q

Experiment for the energy hypothesis

A

Squeeze handgrip after being asked to inhibit emotion while watching emotional movie –> weaker grip when inhibit emotion.

77
Q

Define Catharsis

A

the sudden and brutal release of the tension resulting from an unmet drive building up (hydraulic model)

78
Q

What follows catharsis?

A

period of quiescence

79
Q

Catharsis evidence

A

over controlled aggressors –> outburst

aggression –> negative health –> reduce later aggression

80
Q

Cause of anxiety

A

Ego not working right –> conflict btwn aspects of personality –> anxiety

81
Q

Anxiety definition

A

Aversive inner motivation state; Freud saw it as warning signal to the ego that something bad is about to happen

82
Q

Types of anxiety

A

Reality Anxiety and Neurotic anxiety

83
Q

Reality anxiety

A

fear of real danger

84
Q

Neurotic anxiety

A

fear that id impulse will get out of control

85
Q

Moral anxiety

A

Fear about violating moral code –> guilt/shame from superego

86
Q

Unconscious anxiety in types

A

free floating and not in reality type

87
Q

Conscious anxiety

A

all types

88
Q

Ego anxiety ideal response for anxiety type

A
  • increase rational problem solving; best for reality anxiety
  • defense mechanisms deal with moral/neurotic anxiety by unconsciously distorting view of reality.
89
Q

Where defense mechanisms start

A

repression of unacceptable impulses –> making them unconscious but tying up energy.

90
Q

How defense mechanisms use energy but use less and work

A

uses energy to disguise unacceptable impulse so that superego does not retaliate in full –> less energy needed to suppress and less anxiety.

91
Q

Development range of Defense Mechanisms (DM) and

A

Primitive develops in infancy (used by more disturbed individuals) to mature developed later (less distrubed)

92
Q

Primitive DM examples

A

denial, projection

93
Q

Mature DM examples

A

intellectualiziation, rationalization

94
Q

most mature DMs

A

displacement and sublimation

95
Q

Repression def and ex

A

keeps unacceptable impulses unconscious as well as painful info, memories, behavior.
Ex) forget shameful behavior

96
Q

Denial def (and contrast to repression)

A

refusal to believe external event took place or condition exists
overwhelmed by threatening reality
(more external origin)

97
Q

Denial Ex

A

Mother refuses son killed
Parents deny child is addicted
Smokers deny unhealthiness

98
Q

Pro/Con of repression and denial and reason for other DM

A

Both temper anxiety but require constant psychic energy –> long run problems b/c less energy for other stuff –> other energy efficient DM’s develop

99
Q

Repression vs supression

A

repression: ideas kept unconcious unconciously.
supression: consciously tries to keep thoughts preconcious (not currently thinking about)

100
Q

Supression Ex)

A

Distractiving activity
Substance abuse
Try not to think about it

101
Q

Projection def and what it reveals

A

attributing unacceptable qualities to someone else and reveals traits, impulses, and goals

102
Q

How does projection defend self

A

Hides knowledge about something we don’t like about self or life (but still expresses that quality in a distorted form)

103
Q

Projection and the Id

A

Expresses the id’s desire and releases the energy req’d to repress it

104
Q

Projection examples

A

Feel hostile towards someone but repress b/c you morals say you shoudnt be hostile –> projection has you feel that they don’t like you.

City prosecutor and sexual urges

105
Q

Rationalization def and purpose

A

Find plausible but INCORRECT explanation for an unacceptable action or event to maintain self esteem

106
Q

Rationalization is common in…

A

response to success/failure –> fundamental attribution error (take credit for good blame situation for bad)

107
Q

Intellectualization def and relation to concious/unconscious

A

thinking about something clinically and w/o emotion. Intellectual part of idea is conscious but emotional remains unconscious.

108
Q

intellectualization example

A

Man who’s spouse is dying of cancer studies a lot about biology of cancer

109
Q

Reaction formation def

A

Replace unacceptable impulse with the opposite

110
Q

reaction formation examples

A

Dislike someone so go out of the way to be kind to them.

111
Q

distinguishing reaction formation from genuine emotion

A

Reaction formations are extreme and there’s a strong drive to express the emotion

112
Q

Displacement and Sublimation compared to other DM

A

less neurotic (anxious/sensitive) and more adaptive

113
Q

Displacement

A

shifts an impulse from one target to another

114
Q

When does displacement occur?

A

When intended target is threatening; new target is less threatening

115
Q

How does displacement work?

A

Substituting for a less threatening target reduces anxiety

116
Q

Ex of displacement

A

Angry at boss but takes out on son b/c son can’t fire him

Inappropriate lust causes increased expression of lust towards more acceptable target

117
Q

Sublimation

A

transforms the impulse (not target) into a more socially acceptable form, reducing anxiety.

118
Q

Most mature DM

A

sublimation

119
Q

Ex of sublimation

A

heart broken –> do sports, work out; leave everything and work for orphanage in Kenya
Surgeons –> allows unacceptable aggressive energy of cutting people open to release in more socially acceptable manner.

120
Q

Things that provide window into unconscious

A

Everyday slip-ups
Humor
Dreams
Projective tests

121
Q

List all the DMs

A 
Sublimation
Displacement
Reaction formation
intellectualization
rationalization
projection
repression
supression
denial
122
Q

Parapraxes 3 ex and what it reveals

A 
Everyday slip up:
memory failure
slips of tongue
accidents
Reveals underlying impulse wish
123
Q

What is fancy word for everyday slip up

A

parapraxes

124
Q

Fatigue effect on parapraxes

A

makes slips more likely (tired ego), but impulse determines nature of slip

125
Q

Humor compared to parapraxes and what it reveals

A

More controlled reveal of unconscious than parapraxes. Often reveals underlying anxiety or hostility.

126
Q

How humor works

A

allows more complete exposure of underlying inhibited content and uses element of surprise to disguise impulse until the “punchline”

127
Q

Bad jokes when

A

don’t share underlying impulse or fails to disguise impulse

128
Q

Practical jokes

A

express hostility in harmless way

129
Q

Humor vs slips similarities and dif

A

similar:
express unconcious impulse and transforms it
failure of ego
Dif:
slips represent uncontrolled leakage while humor is more crafted (comes out full force but safely)
success of ego

130
Q

Dream Quote

A

“royal road to the unconscious” - Freud

131
Q

Two kinds of dream content

A

Manifest and Latent

132
Q

Manifest dream content

A

The actual sensory images

133
Q

latent dream content

A

the underlying meaning/unconscious thoughts, feelings, and wishes behind the manifest content

134
Q

3 sources of dream content

A

concurrent sensory stimulation (dog barking while sleeping)
current concerns
unconscious id impulses: blocked from expression while awake related to core conflicts –> reveal most about personality

135
Q

Relationship bt manifest content and latent content

A

manifest content allows Id wishes or impulses embodied by latent content to be gratified in fantasy or in symbolic/disguised form

a form of wish fulfillment

latent content is disguiseeed because it is unacceptable to ego/superego

136
Q

Projective Assessment Tests

A

Represent formal approaach to assessing unconscious processes

137
Q

projective hypothesis:

A

provide people with ambiguous ill structure stimuli and they will apply projection in their interpretation of what they see

138
Q

Technique types for projective assessment

A

associative - respond with first word that comes to mind

completion - complete a thought begun with an incomplete prompt

139
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

Chosen for ability to evok different responses from dif psychiatric patients
5 all black, 2 red and black, 3 pastel
administered in predetermined order

140
Q

2 stages of Rorschach test

A

Free response and Systematic questioning: remind of prev response and ask what about blot made them give that answer.

141
Q

Interpreting Rorschach responses based on 3 factors:

A

location, determinants, content

142
Q

Rorschach response location

A

part v whole, common noticed v rare, blot v space surounding. (eg whole blot sign of conceptual thinking)

143
Q

Rorschach Determinants of response

A

form, shading, color, texture or perceived movement in location of response.

  • color based: emotionality
  • human movement : sign of imaginativenes
144
Q

Rorschach Content of Response:

A

Subject matter

-conveys overt meaning ;symbolic meaning

145
Q

Original suppressing thoughts/writing exp conducted by who and what was it?

A

James W. Pennebaker write for 2 hours over 4 days about traumatic experience.

146
Q

Pennebaker’s experiment conclusion

A

writing about emotions and facts of traumatic events associated with short term bp increase and negative affect but better long term health center visits and self reported health

147
Q

Pennebaker’s study on HIV patients and conclusion

A

Studied HIV Viral load, D4+ lympocytes and found that immune system strengthened by writing

148
Q

Pennebaker study on anger supression

A

anger supression lead to NKCC activity –> cancer and breast cancer

149
Q

Take home supression about emotional supression studies

A

Some significant findings post 1999. Psychological well being for sure damaged by emotional supression. Jury still out on physical. Writing has more consistent + effect on physical.

150
Q

Major models of psychoanalytic theory

A

Topographic model - some memory can’t be brought to consciousness voluntarily
Structural model - Plenty of truth to experience. We do have different parts of ourselves bt id, ego, and superego.

151
Q

psychoanalytic theory problems and prospects

A

influential, yet controversial.
-sextual
-a lot of subconscious
difficult to test empirically
-ambiguous definitions
-too flexible –> accounts for a lot but can’t predict much
Reliance on case studies and biased selection

152
Q

Why psychoanlytic theory popular?

A

1st major theory of personality
Addresses how childhood influence life, mental health, how accessible people’s motives are, intra-psychic conflict
Interesting peronality portrayal
American psychoanalytic association still has many analysts using framework.

Personality Psychology (7 decks)

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