Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Perspective/theory invented by Freud
A
Psychoanalytic Perspective
2
Q
Who invented the psychoanalytic perspective/theory?
A
Freud
3
Q
Who were the 3 main influences on Freud’s theory
A
Darwin: Evolutionary theory: We’re all animals, primitive/sexual instincts, impulses
Helmholtz: Conservation of energy –> psychic energy
Victorian Europe: Sexually restrained, intolerant, and strict moral code. Freud’s theory talked about human urges and impulses that countered this code.
4
Q
Henry Murray’s Quote Message
A
Personality psychology looks at visible, clear patterns instead of what is beneath and difficult to understand about personality –> addressed by psychoanalytic personality
5
Q
Freud’s Ideas Influenced…
A
psychology/psychiartry sociology/anthropology poli-sci The arts (Salvador Dali) Everyday discourse: "Freudian slip"
6
Q
Personality Def in Theory and relation to 3Ds
A
Personality def: Set of processes always in motion (DYNAMIC of the 3D’s) personality pressures can conflict
7
Q
The 3D’s to characterize perspectives
A
Description, development, and dynamic
8
Q
3 Theory Themes
A
- Defense mechanism against self
- Evolutionary theory –> human life governed by: lust,aggression,sexuality, and death.
- Perspective is highly metaphorical
9
Q
Lost in translation and reason
A
Freud’s theories not translated properly from German to English
He did not correct them due desire to keep his theories separate from medicine
He also resented US medical association due to their persecution of his treatment of some test subjects with cocaine
10
Q
General Salient Characteristics of Theory
A
Determinism
Unconscious motivation
Infantile sexuality
Conflict is the norm
11
Q
Determinism def and two types
A
Def: events always have causes
1) Physical determinism
2) Physchic determinsim
12
Q
Physical determinism
A
The basic tenet of science
Everything that happens has a cause that can always be identified by someone sufficiently smart, diligent, and equipped.
13
Q
Psychic determinism
A
Everything that a person does has a specific cause that can be identified.
No accidents, miracles, or free will.
Behavior is routed in the structure and dynamics of personality (often subconscious)
14
Q
Steps for understanding the theory
A
Steps for understanding the theory
1) Organize mind/personality
2) evoke notion of intrapsychic processes
3) Functioning of the mind –> f(x) of the personality
15
Q
Mind Topography Model and which levels observed by who
A
Conscious Level (common characterization) Preconcisous Level (common characterization) Unconcious Level (Freud's contribution)
16
Q
Conscious level
A
Things the person is currently aware of/thinking about
Can be thought about logically and described verbally
Working memory
17
Q
Preconcious level
A
In ordinary memory but not actively being thought about. (ie what you had for breakfast this morning not thought about until you read this)
18
Q
Unconscious level (and key idea)
A
Portions of the mind actively kept from consciousness/not accessible
Can only enter awareness in the distorted form
Still, have a dynamic influence on personality
Key idea: motivated unconciouss
19
Q
Structural Model: 3 functional components of personality (and Latin meanings)
A
1) Id (“it”)
2) Ego (“I”)
3) Superego (“over I”)
20
Q
When does the Id develop?
A
Original part of personality & present at birth
21
Q
What is/embodies the Id?
A
- embodies inherited, instinctive primitive aspects of personality
- closely tied to biological functions
- source of all psychic energy
22
Q
What principle does the Id follow? Define it.
A
Pleasure Principle: the true purpose of life is the immediate satisfaction of all needs.
23
Q
What is the purpose and process of Id?
A
Primary Process: Purpose is as a mechanism for the discharge of tension. The process is through “wish fulfillment”
24
Q
Unmet needs result in a state of …
A
aversive tension
25
Wish fulfillment
Formation of mental image of desired object, activity that would meet need.
26
Three Primary Process Lines of Thinking
1) Displacement
2) Condensation
3) Symbolization
27
Displacement
replace one idea or image with another
28
Condensation
to compress several ideas or images into one
29
Symbolization
may have things stand for something else
30
Freud's theory about symbolization and some examples
```
That there were certain universal symbols
House = human body
King/Queen = parents
Small animals/vermin = children
Children = genitals
Clothes = nakedness
Bath = birth
Bridge = death
```
31
How/when/where is the primary process observable?
- Conscious thought of very small children
- During fever deliriums
- During dreams
- Leaking into consciousness: slips of tongue, accidents, lapses of memory
32
Weaknesses of the Id
Doesn't care how needs are met.
Can be irrational, reckless, and imoral
Doesn't differentiate btwn objective and subjective reality
33
When/why does the Ego develop?
-Develops because id functions cannot deal effectively with objective reality.
34
What does Ego still lack?
Ego still has no moral sense, simply wants to fulfill needs given the constraints of reality
35
What principle does the Ego follow? Define it.
Reality Principle: Behavior is governed by an external, objective world.
-Must weight the risks of an action before acting (higher-order thought)
36
What is/embodies Id
- Tries to make sure impulses are expressed effectively by taking into account the external world
- Introduces a sense of rationality and logic, provides capacity for realistic thought. ("reality testing")
37
Ego's role if risks are too high
Find another way to meet need or delay for safer/more sensible time
38
At what level does the Ego act?
Mostly concscious and preconcious (b/c of concern with external world), however acts a little at subconcious due to ties with Id.
39
At which levels does the Id act?
Entirely at the subconscious level
40
What is the purpose and process of the Ego.
Purpose: Delay the discharge of the Id's tension until an appropriate object or context is found (delayed gratification)
Secondary Process: Mechanism for identification
41
Identification
matching the image of needed object/activity to real object/activity
42
Horse and Rider Metaphor
```
Id = Horse: locomotor energy
Ego = Rider: determines goals and guides movement towards them
Superego = Critical and judgmental father on back of chariot
```
43
Main idea of Freud's quote on horse metaphor
Often the horse is the one truly deciding and the ego sort of goes along with it and develops rational justification for why they claimed to want that initially
44
What does Superego embody?
Societal and mostly parental values
45
When does Superego develop?
As child tries to come to gripes with strong feelings towards parents
- To obtain affection (reward) do what parents think is right
- To avoid disapproval (punishment) avoid what parents think is wrong
46
Introjection
Process of absorbing the values of your parents into your superego
47
What is the process of absorbing the values of your parents into your superego
Introjection
48
Components of the Superego
Ego-ideal
| Conscience
49
Ego Ideal
- Consists of rules about good behavior and standards of excellence
- Functions to make a person feel proud of accomplishments and worthy behavior
- Reflects things to strive for
50
Conscience
- Consists of rules about bad and prohibited behavior
| - Functions to make a person feel guilty for transgressions & reflects things to avoid
51
What are the goals of the Superego
- Inhibit any Id impulse that would cause disapproval from parents
- Force ego to act morally, rather than rationally
- Guide person toward perfection in thought, word, and behavior
52
Problem with the Superego
While it exerts a civilizing effect, its perfectionism is not realistic
53
Problem with Ego
In constant conflict with Id
54
At which levels does the Superego act?
Acts at all levels
55
What is the 3 step "hard road" of the Ego after Superego has developed
Ego must release tension immediately (Id demand) in a way that is socially and morally acceptable (superego demand) and realistic (external environment demand).
56
Neurological Correlates of Id and Ego (and Superego)
Id - Limbic system (area of brain from which drives and emotions originate)
Ego (and Superego) - Frontal lboes of the cerebral cortex (key in attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, consciousness)
57
Who used what kind of test to confirm areas of rational conscious thought?
Solms used PET scans
58
What did Solms test and find?
He used PET scans to confirm cortical areas of rational conscious thought. He found the prefrontal cortex was inactive during REM while the limbic system was very active.
59
Psychoanalytic Theory Energy Assumptions
- People are complex energy systems
- People are born with given amount of energy that remains relatively constant throughout life
- Energy can be transformed, rearranged, and distributed
- Energy is psychic, not physical
- Psychic energy fuels personality
- Energy used in psychological work (thinking, planning, perceiving) is created and released by biological processes
- These biological processes operate through the Id = "Drives" = "Instincts"
60
What are the two related elements to drive and what do they combine to form?
1) biological need state (lack of water in cells)
2) psychological representation (thirst)
Combine to form: action (drinking water)
61
Hydraulic model
- Hydraulic model reversed the normal work/energy relation (use work to release energy not use energy to do work)
- drive states build until action causes tension to be released through action
- Trying to prevent a drive from being expressed only creates more pressure towards its expression
62
What is the concept of cathexes
Energy can be attached to/withdrawn from objects, images, or activities (investment of energy.)
63
What are the 3 types of cathexes
1) object cathexis = investment in an image
2) ego cathexis = investment in thing associated witth need satisfaction
3) anti-cathexis = investment of energy to contain Id impulses from acting in irrational/immoral way (repression)
64
Relation of parental ideals to cathexes
Parental ideals cathected by superego becomme part of the ego ideal and conscience
65
pseudopodia
amoeba extends part of itself to release energy (cathexis)
66
Two Classes of Drive/Instincts (and Freud's associated energy)
Eros - life and or sexual instincts (libido)
| Thantos - death instincts (none)
67
life instincts greek word and definition
Eros - drives concerned with survival, reproduction, and pleasure (live and love).
68
Eros examples
hunger, pain avoidance, sex
69
Eros pro/con
Pro: In transformed state energizes most desirable human activity (culture, arts, science)
Con: If raw can be destructive without consideration of reality.
70
death instincts Greek word and definition
Natural desire for ultimate release of tension (death) that is held in check by Eros
71
Thantos Freud quote
'The goal of life is death'
72
Thantos leads to what sort of behavior and why
redirecting self harm towards others --> aggressive behavior
73
Thantos physiological analog
Cell apoptosis (programmed cell death)
74
Energy hypothesis definition (from who?)
Personality has only a limited amount of energy; what is used for one purpose is unavailable for other purposes (Freud)
75
Energy hypothesis applied to behavior
Energy tied up in repression is unable to be applied to situations dealing with current reality
Also unavailable for more creative adaptive functioning.
Inhibit emotion --> drains energy
76
Experiment for the energy hypothesis
Squeeze handgrip after being asked to inhibit emotion while watching emotional movie --> weaker grip when inhibit emotion.
77
Define Catharsis
the sudden and brutal release of the tension resulting from an unmet drive building up (hydraulic model)
78
What follows catharsis?
period of quiescence
79
Catharsis evidence
over controlled aggressors --> outburst
| aggression --> negative health --> reduce later aggression
80
Cause of anxiety
Ego not working right --> conflict btwn aspects of personality --> anxiety
81
Anxiety definition
Aversive inner motivation state; Freud saw it as warning signal to the ego that something bad is about to happen
82
Types of anxiety
Reality Anxiety and Neurotic anxiety
83
Reality anxiety
fear of real danger
84
Neurotic anxiety
fear that id impulse will get out of control
85
Moral anxiety
Fear about violating moral code --> guilt/shame from superego
86
Unconscious anxiety in types
free floating and not in reality type
87
Conscious anxiety
all types
88
Ego anxiety ideal response for anxiety type
- increase rational problem solving; best for reality anxiety
- defense mechanisms deal with moral/neurotic anxiety by unconsciously distorting view of reality.
89
Where defense mechanisms start
repression of unacceptable impulses --> making them unconscious but tying up energy.
90
How defense mechanisms use energy but use less and work
uses energy to disguise unacceptable impulse so that superego does not retaliate in full --> less energy needed to suppress and less anxiety.
91
Development range of Defense Mechanisms (DM) and
Primitive develops in infancy (used by more disturbed individuals) to mature developed later (less distrubed)
92
Primitive DM examples
denial, projection
93
Mature DM examples
intellectualiziation, rationalization
94
most mature DMs
displacement and sublimation
95
Repression def and ex
keeps unacceptable impulses unconscious as well as painful info, memories, behavior.
Ex) forget shameful behavior
96
Denial def (and contrast to repression)
refusal to believe external event took place or condition exists
overwhelmed by threatening reality
(more external origin)
97
Denial Ex
Mother refuses son killed
Parents deny child is addicted
Smokers deny unhealthiness
98
Pro/Con of repression and denial and reason for other DM
Both temper anxiety but require constant psychic energy --> long run problems b/c less energy for other stuff --> other energy efficient DM's develop
99
Repression vs supression
repression: ideas kept unconcious unconciously.
supression: consciously tries to keep thoughts preconcious (not currently thinking about)
100
Supression Ex)
Distractiving activity
Substance abuse
Try not to think about it
101
Projection def and what it reveals
attributing unacceptable qualities to someone else and reveals traits, impulses, and goals
102
How does projection defend self
Hides knowledge about something we don't like about self or life (but still expresses that quality in a distorted form)
103
Projection and the Id
Expresses the id's desire and releases the energy req'd to repress it
104
Projection examples
Feel hostile towards someone but repress b/c you morals say you shoudnt be hostile --> projection has you feel that they don't like you.
City prosecutor and sexual urges
105
Rationalization def and purpose
Find plausible but INCORRECT explanation for an unacceptable action or event to maintain self esteem
106
Rationalization is common in...
response to success/failure --> fundamental attribution error (take credit for good blame situation for bad)
107
Intellectualization def and relation to concious/unconscious
thinking about something clinically and w/o emotion. Intellectual part of idea is conscious but emotional remains unconscious.
108
intellectualization example
Man who's spouse is dying of cancer studies a lot about biology of cancer
109
Reaction formation def
Replace unacceptable impulse with the opposite
110
reaction formation examples
Dislike someone so go out of the way to be kind to them.
111
distinguishing reaction formation from genuine emotion
Reaction formations are extreme and there's a strong drive to express the emotion
112
Displacement and Sublimation compared to other DM
less neurotic (anxious/sensitive) and more adaptive
113
Displacement
shifts an impulse from one target to another
114
When does displacement occur?
When intended target is threatening; new target is less threatening
115
How does displacement work?
Substituting for a less threatening target reduces anxiety
116
Ex of displacement
Angry at boss but takes out on son b/c son can't fire him
| Inappropriate lust causes increased expression of lust towards more acceptable target
117
Sublimation
transforms the impulse (not target) into a more socially acceptable form, reducing anxiety.
118
Most mature DM
sublimation
119
Ex of sublimation
heart broken --> do sports, work out; leave everything and work for orphanage in Kenya
Surgeons --> allows unacceptable aggressive energy of cutting people open to release in more socially acceptable manner.
120
Things that provide window into unconscious
Everyday slip-ups
Humor
Dreams
Projective tests
121
List all the DMs
```
Sublimation
Displacement
Reaction formation
intellectualization
rationalization
projection
repression
supression
denial
```
122
Parapraxes 3 ex and what it reveals
```
Everyday slip up:
memory failure
slips of tongue
accidents
Reveals underlying impulse wish
```
123
What is fancy word for everyday slip up
parapraxes
124
Fatigue effect on parapraxes
makes slips more likely (tired ego), but impulse determines nature of slip
125
Humor compared to parapraxes and what it reveals
More controlled reveal of unconscious than parapraxes. Often reveals underlying anxiety or hostility.
126
How humor works
allows more complete exposure of underlying inhibited content and uses element of surprise to disguise impulse until the "punchline"
127
Bad jokes when
don't share underlying impulse or fails to disguise impulse
128
Practical jokes
express hostility in harmless way
129
Humor vs slips similarities and dif
similar:
express unconcious impulse and transforms it
failure of ego
Dif:
slips represent uncontrolled leakage while humor is more crafted (comes out full force but safely)
success of ego
130
Dream Quote
"royal road to the unconscious" - Freud
131
Two kinds of dream content
Manifest and Latent
132
Manifest dream content
The actual sensory images
133
latent dream content
the underlying meaning/unconscious thoughts, feelings, and wishes behind the manifest content
134
3 sources of dream content
concurrent sensory stimulation (dog barking while sleeping)
current concerns
unconscious id impulses: blocked from expression while awake related to core conflicts --> reveal most about personality
135
Relationship bt manifest content and latent content
manifest content allows Id wishes or impulses embodied by latent content to be gratified in fantasy or in symbolic/disguised form
a form of wish fulfillment
latent content is disguiseeed because it is unacceptable to ego/superego
136
Projective Assessment Tests
Represent formal approaach to assessing unconscious processes
137
projective hypothesis:
provide people with ambiguous ill structure stimuli and they will apply projection in their interpretation of what they see
138
Technique types for projective assessment
associative - respond with first word that comes to mind
| completion - complete a thought begun with an incomplete prompt
139
Rorschach inkblot test
Chosen for ability to evok different responses from dif psychiatric patients
5 all black, 2 red and black, 3 pastel
administered in predetermined order
140
2 stages of Rorschach test
Free response and Systematic questioning: remind of prev response and ask what about blot made them give that answer.
141
Interpreting Rorschach responses based on 3 factors:
location, determinants, content
142
Rorschach response location
part v whole, common noticed v rare, blot v space surounding. (eg whole blot sign of conceptual thinking)
143
Rorschach Determinants of response
form, shading, color, texture or perceived movement in location of response.
- color based: emotionality
- human movement : sign of imaginativenes
144
Rorschach Content of Response:
Subject matter
| -conveys overt meaning ;symbolic meaning
145
Original suppressing thoughts/writing exp conducted by who and what was it?
James W. Pennebaker write for 2 hours over 4 days about traumatic experience.
146
Pennebaker's experiment conclusion
writing about emotions and facts of traumatic events associated with short term bp increase and negative affect but better long term health center visits and self reported health
147
Pennebaker's study on HIV patients and conclusion
Studied HIV Viral load, D4+ lympocytes and found that immune system strengthened by writing
148
Pennebaker study on anger supression
anger supression lead to NKCC activity --> cancer and breast cancer
149
Take home supression about emotional supression studies
Some significant findings post 1999. Psychological well being for sure damaged by emotional supression. Jury still out on physical. Writing has more consistent + effect on physical.
150
Major models of psychoanalytic theory
Topographic model - some memory can't be brought to consciousness voluntarily
Structural model - Plenty of truth to experience. We do have different parts of ourselves bt id, ego, and superego.
151
psychoanalytic theory problems and prospects
influential, yet controversial.
-sextual
-a lot of subconscious
difficult to test empirically
-ambiguous definitions
-too flexible --> accounts for a lot but can't predict much
Reliance on case studies and biased selection
152
Why psychoanlytic theory popular?
1st major theory of personality
Addresses how childhood influence life, mental health, how accessible people's motives are, intra-psychic conflict
Interesting peronality portrayal
American psychoanalytic association still has many analysts using framework.
