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Personality Psychology > Ch 12 Cognitive Perspective > Flashcards

Ch 12 Cognitive Perspective Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive Perspective Topic

A

Understand how people represent and deal with information in their surroundings mentally.

  • Process senses in a room –> to get info bits
  • Assembles bits and pieces to experience as a whole.
  • To have broad experience organize these bits.
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2
Q

George Kelly’s Theory (Very important on exam)

A

Personal Construct Theory

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3
Q

Personal Construct Theory

A

People’s experience not based entirely on reality/raw material
We filter then organize some of it to interpret
Personality is organization of mental structures through which the person views reality

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4
Q

Personal Construct Theory Personality Definition.

A

Personality is organization of mental structures (personal constructs) through which the person views reality.

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5
Q

People decide which construct to apply to an event. Term

A

Constructive alternativism

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6
Q

What people do to find “Predictive Efficiency”

A

People are like scientists, testing their construct for accuracy (predictive efficiency) and adapt accordingly. Is there to promote understanding.

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7
Q

Bipolarity

A

Constructs were not continuous ie Good or Bad, Kind or mean.

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8
Q

Emergent Pole

A

polar of construct that is applied to an event

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9
Q

Implicit Pole

A

polar end that is not applied.

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10
Q

Range of Convenience

A

Set of events for which a construct is useful (can categorize a lot of situation as good vs bad bc they have high range of convenience)

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11
Q

Focus of convenience

A

set of events for which a construct is most predictive/accurate but more specific

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12
Q

Permeabilility

A

Degree to which range of convenience can spread to new events

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13
Q

Two ways constructs evolve

A

Definition and Extension

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14
Q

Construct evolving through definition

A

applied construct in a familiar way to an event that is likely to fit.

Used when anxious.
High predictive efficiency
Does not threaten sense of safety or security

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15
Q

Construct evolving through extension

A

application of construct to an event that it hasn’t been applied before.

Can lead to personal growth
Used when bored

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16
Q

Different constructs divergence?

A

Don’t diverge totally allowing communication between people of different constructs

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17
Q

Similarity in People

A

similar constructs not necessarily similar events

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18
Q

Culture reflection on constructs

A

A culture may have uniform construct in addition to all being exposed to same events

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19
Q

Social interactions relation to role taking

A

Each person attempting to understand and predict expectations of each other

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20
Q

George Kelly on core roles and importance

A

Roles that are central to our lives (ex, profession, parent, child, etc)
Important in our sense of idenity

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21
Q

Potential result of failing to enact role construed by another individual

A

Feelings of guilt

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22
Q

Mischel’s position on traits

A

behavioral signatures

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23
Q

Consistency of behavior

A

Behavior is consistent across situations but ONLY when they are CONSTRUED in the same way.

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24
Q

REP Test

A

Role construct repertory test: identifies constructs people use to construe the world particularly, their social roles. Has a grid, asks you to come up with a construct that makes two people similar (to get emergent pole) and one of them different. (to get implicit pole)

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25
Q

Cause of Behavioral Problems

A

Encounter events without any known relevant construct –> anxiety/uncertaint.
When event disproves what was thought as known construct –> threat

26
Q

Fixed Role Therapy

A

Helps evolve construct system by forcing person to participate in roles with specific situations based on underdeveloped constructs. (Ex if scared of public speaking, assigned to give speeches)

27
Q

Schema

A

Cognitive framework/concept that helps organize & interpret info

28
Q

What 2 things is perception based on?

A

Incoming info and schema

29
Q

Kinds of info schemas include

A

Specific examples of items that fit in a category (eagles in bird category)
Generic info of category quality (birds fly)

30
Q

Prototype

A

A schemas best actual or idealized member that schemas are constructed around and evolved from

31
Q

Effect of schemas

A

make info easy to sort into memory and find when needed. Also filters what info is important to store and what can be omitted. Can direct where to look for info.

32
Q

Self perpetuating schema

A

Schemas guide what is discovered, remembered –> what you remember confirms schema –> schema continues to guide what is remembered

33
Q

Fell behind at how schemas are organized

A

all the way to socially relevant schemas slide

34
Q

Schema’s difference from constructs

A

Not constrained by polarity and not founded by Kelly

35
Q

How schemas are organized

A

Scripts and episodic memory

36
Q

Scripts

A

schemas for episodic events that form if you experience enough episodes of a given type

37
Q

episodic memory:

A

memories for events or episodes; memory for experiences in space and time
Elements of stories are strung together, some long events and some short.

38
Q

Social cognitions

A

differ in content and complexity from person to person depending on experience

39
Q

self schema

A

schema formed about self
typically larger and more complex but can differ in complexity:
some thing of people as more multi-faceted while others view themselves as more global or single facet

40
Q

Struggles effect on individuals of varying complexity of self schema

A

If person views themselves as single faceted (ex only student) they willl struggle more if they fail exam then if they view themselves as multi-faceted (student, but also athlete, sister, etc)

41
Q

Activation of Schemas

A

Memory is a network of interconnected nodes. Node can be activated meaning more conscious in thought

42
Q

Partial schema activation

A

Activation of a single node makes it easier to bring other information into consciousness and makes it more accessible from memory

43
Q

Semantic memory

A

memory with no connection via a time element… organized by meaning instead (ex school to book, teacher, and classroom)

44
Q

Priming experimental use

A

Test whether activating schema leads to accessibility and use through priming.
-Activation of a node of information in a task prior to a task of interest (experimental uses)

45
Q

Priming

A

makes use of facts that events and experience make info more accessible

  • people differ in how they are primed
  • priming calls attention to the full scale (not just to a biased end) (ex if you mention honest, then present a potentially dishonest target, then people more likely to see dishonesty)
46
Q

priming variation examples

A
  • Those from more violent neighborhoods are primed for more vigilance and also end up with higher stress levels
  • kids watching food commercials more likely to eat
47
Q

subliminal priming

A

-Primed so fast people are not aware of how they were primed

48
Q

Problem with schemas

A

Prejudice: Preventing accurate perception of world; inhibits from learning new info.
Misinterpretation: attending only to confirmatory info finding alternative explanations that support schema

49
Q

Negative cognitive triad

A

negative schemas that apply to:

1) The self
2) The world
3) The failure

50
Q

Negative cognitive triad gives rise to

A

negative automatic thought –> depression

51
Q

Therapy against negative cognitive triad

A

Abandon faulty schema
build new ones
Cognitive restructuring: identify automatic self-defeating thoughts and replace with adaptive thoughts
Reality testing: challenge automatic thought patterns to be tested against evidence
Learn to objectively focus on info instead of using previous bias (less automatic observation of info)

52
Q

Cognitive Distortions

A

Common in depression

Black and white thinking

53
Q

Cognitive Distortion

A

Common in depression:
catastrohpsing, black and white thinking, overgeneralization
mental filter
jumping to conclusions

54
Q

Black and White Thinking:

A

Either success or failure

55
Q

Overgeneralization

A

single negative event applies for all life. If didn’t get job –> will never get a job

56
Q

Catastrophising

A

automatically think worst will happen and won’t be able to cope

57
Q

Mental filter

A

we see all negatives and ignore positives

58
Q

Jumping to conclusions and examples

A

negative conclusions without all the info to support view
ex
mind reading: assume people dislike us
fortune telling: assume bad event

59
Q

Beck’s cognitive model of depression

A

early experience –> formatoin of dysfunctional beliefs (depressogenic schemas) –> critical incident (stressor isnt always necessary can just be bad mood) –> beliefs activated –> negative automatic thoughts symptoms of depression: behavioral, motivational, affective, cognitive, somatic

60
Q

Pro con of cognitive perspective

A

Pro: mind’s function does seem to have important implications for kinds of day to day behaviors we think of in terms of personality
Con: Disorganized many loose ends. Cognitive psychology: what does it add? What’s gained by knowing that a person’s knowledge is schematically organized?

Personality Psychology (7 decks)

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