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Personality Psychology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Conditions of Worth

A

Things that must be do to earn affection (positive regard from others)

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2
Q

What do conditions of worth conflict with

A

self actualization (more intrinsically driven) while conditions of worth is social pressure that can interfere

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3
Q

Which of the 2 drivers of behavior is more salient? Which is more important?

A

Self actualization is more important but positive regard is more “salient”

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4
Q

Applying conditions of worth to the self by performance in some area of life as a condition for self-acceptance

A

Contingent Self Worth

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5
Q

Purpose of contingent self worth

A

Motivate to study more

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6
Q

Drawback of contingent self worth

A

Failure can be upsetting

Can restrain self actualization as person becomes fixated on a single condition

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7
Q

Self Concept

A

Qualities a person sees as part of themselves. Influenced by experiences and interpretations of experiences

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8
Q

Rogers 3 components of self concept

A

self worth, actual self, ideal self

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9
Q

self worth

A

positive feelings of oneself, confidence, open with people; psychological health, achievement of goals, and self actualization

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10
Q

Actual self

A

Perception of the way you really are

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11
Q

Ideal self

A

What you want to be

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12
Q

Two basic needs of children

A

Self worth positive regard

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13
Q

Self worth develops when?

A

Develops in early childhood from interactions with parents and later others

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14
Q

Incongruence

A

Misfit between ideal self and actual self

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15
Q

Result of incongruence

A

Low self worth low self esteem anxiety

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16
Q

Self actualization affect on congruence

A

Gets actual closer to ideal self

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17
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

Ingenuine way to avoid anxiety and maintain self esteem by artificially enhancing congruity

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18
Q

2 categories of defenses

A

Distortions of the expierience and preventing threatening experiences from reaching awareness

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19
Q

Distortion of the experience

A

Rationalization: creating a plausible but untrue explanation for why something is the way it is.

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20
Q

Preventing threatening expereiences from reaching awareness

A

Denial or avoidance of situations that trigger perceptions of incongruence

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21
Q

Conditions necessary for event to affect self esteem

A

1) you had control over event

2) event can be interpreted as good or bad (so it can have connotation for your self-esteem)

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22
Q

Rogers: When failure how maintain self esteem

A

Create distance btwn self and failure (blame situation or call insignificant)

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23
Q

Success Rogers how maintain self esteem

A

Attribute succes to your abilities and stable characteristics of self

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24
Q

Self Determination (Deci & Ryan) Theory

A

To grow integrity and well being have 3 needs

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25
Q

3 needs of Deci and Ryan

A

Autonomy Competance (same as self-efficacy) Relatedness: Feel connected to others and having meaningful interactions and unconditional acceptance

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26
Q

Behavior reflection in Deci and Ryan

A

Self determined actions –> done b/c of intrinsic interest or value to self. Controlled Actions –> done to gain payment or satisfy external pressure

if you feel force or pressured will feel less satisfaction/motivation than if self-determined

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27
Q

Soma cube study by Deci

A

2 groups of students in room w/ soma cube + magazines and told to work on puzzle. One group paid if done in intial state and another group was not. Observed who more likely to work after initial stage and who worked longer.

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28
Q

Soma cube study conclusion

A

B/c external motivation disappeared didn’t keep doing it.

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29
Q

Salary affect on self-determination

A

If pay someone to do something they like to do they can no longer want to do it after they are no longer paid to do it.

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30
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Doing activity for instrumental reasons (rewards duty obligations)

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31
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Doing activity for the self (b/c it’s who you are/what you like to do)

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32
Q

Self Determination and Control 3 Regulation Types

A 
Introjected Regulation  (least self determined/controlled)
Identified Regulation Integrated Regulation (most self determined)
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33
Q

Introjected regulation

A

Not fully accepting activity as one’s own. Perform to avoid guilt/anxiety

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34
Q

Identified regulation

A

action is accepted as personally important

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35
Q

Integrated regulation

A

fully assimilated to the self

36
Q

Amotivation thought process

A

I don’t b/c I’m wasting time

37
Q

External regulation thought process

A

I do b/c I will get more approval or get me money

38
Q

Introjected regulatoin thought process

A

Makes me feel proud would feel shame otherwise

39
Q

Identified regulation thoughts

A

Do b/c has a lot of personal meaning to me

40
Q

Integrated regulation thoughts

A

Do b/c who I am

41
Q

Intrinsic motivation thoughts

A

Do b/c I enjoy it a lot

42
Q

autonomus motivation consequences

A

Intellectuawl curiosity goal achieving better performance and creativity better well being

43
Q

Controlled motivation consequences

A

conflicted emotions and inconsistent goal strivring negative emotions vulnerable to persuasion

44
Q

Maslow’s topic focus

A

Qualities that help people get most out of life

45
Q

Maslow’s contrast to Freud

A

Studied much less “crippleld” people

46
Q

Maslow’s Hierarch of Needs (from bottom of triangle to top)

A

Physiological Security Love & belonging esteem self actualization

47
Q

Bottom of triangle meaning

A

More primative pressing and demanding. Deficiency based motives

48
Q

Maslow on self actualizatoin

A

Everyone can self actualize it applies to those who are trying to become more congruent integrated and complete as a person. Some self actualized more and he focussed on studying these people

49
Q

Characteristics of those who self actualize more according to Maslov

A

Accurate perception of reality
accept themselves and nature
natural spontaneous in thought and motion
problem centered (concerned with philosophical/univeral Q’s)
intrinsically motivated
appreciate fresh ordinary events
appreciate process deep ties but only with a few people
philosophical non hostile sense of humor
maintain inner detachment from culture in which they live

50
Q

Maslow on Peak experieences

A

Times when actualizatoin is occuring. More aware of surounding environment distorted sense of time subjective feelings of awe and ecstasy (taking you outside yourself) more common during work than leisure.

51
Q

Class poll on time distortion

A

Time slows down in traumatic experience

52
Q

Flow

A

Fully immersed in performance of an activity in a feeling of energized focus full involvement and enjoyment in the process of the activity

53
Q

Class self assessment: mindfulness meaning

A

how automatic vs accepting and in tune with enviro

54
Q

How common are self actualizers

A

only 1% off the population

55
Q

Recent research (Tay & Diner) (similar)

A

Supported earlier theories condluding that needs tend to be universal in all countries and fulfillment of these needs correlate with hapiness.

56
Q

Recent research: Tay & Diener (different)

A
  • International interviews
  • need fulfillment correlated with hapiness
  • Departure from earlier theories:
  • said can have good social relations and self actualization without basic/safety needs met
  • said order in which needs met has little impact on life satisfaction/enjoyment
57
Q

Maslow vs Roger’s

A

_______ He skipped slide but we should know.

58
Q

Self Concept development

A

Through sensory behavior (basis of a seensory self) and Cognition (basis for cognitive self(main interests))

59
Q

Experiences that lead to sensory self

A

Double stimulation (active and passive sensory input by touching oneself) Body boundaries (know where body stops and world begins. Ex infants touch themselves) -Double stimulation: touch yourself

  • Body boundaries: proprioception
  • Self recognition: mirror test
60
Q

Do animals have a sensory self and how would you know?

A

Put mirror in front of animal with dye placed on back of their neck and primates touched the back of their neck.

61
Q

Experience sudgesting a cognitive self

A

Can self evaluate and can distinguish between private and public behavior. Recognize that others have a different perspective from our own (both physical and opinions)

62
Q

What did Piaget study

A

Studied difference in physical perspectives.

63
Q

When does sensory self and cognitive self develop

A

Sensory self: from sensory behavior developed in infancy

64
Q

Sensory self vs cognitive self

A

Differences in where it occurs (cognitive only in humans not animals and is more advance), evolutionary position (sensory more primative), and bases.

65
Q

Aspect of self:Body image

A

Deep feelings that influence self esteem, social interactions sexual behavior

66
Q

How to study body image

A

distorting mirrors
pictures of body shape silhouettes
show nude photos
virtual reality

67
Q

Accuracy of people’s perception of body image

A

Not very accurate. People can’t even recognize their own silhouette.

68
Q

Attitudes towards attractive body types influenced by

A

Culture and media.

69
Q

Importance of appearance

A

Attractive people viewed more positively

70
Q

Motivation trend to look more attractive in recent years result

A

more cosmetic surgery between

71
Q

Ideal weight gender dif and cause in behavior

A

Women considered more feminine if she was skinny –> eat less
Men considered more masculine if normal weight.

72
Q

Body dependability

A

Self impression of body strength, health, resistance to stress, immunity (T.Roosevelt), athleticism.

73
Q

Teddy Roosevelt affecting body dependibility

A

mind over matter: thinks he wasnt weak, eventually left sickness. Similar thoughts about fear.

74
Q

Differential valuation, ex, and affect on insurance companies

A

Values some parts more than others. Varies from person to person (piano player values hands). Insurance compensation varies from part to part.

75
Q

Pro Con of This Perspective

A

Pro: intuitive, optimistic about people’s desire for self improvement, encourages self appreciation and awareness of feelings –> improving peoples’ lives
Con: tough to study theories such as self-actualizationo.
Optimistic view might be inaccurate
Potential of too many people self-actualization causing conflict.

76
Q

Themes of Humanistic psychology

A
  • Everyone has potential for growth/development.
  • Nobody is inherently bad or unworthy
  • Goal: help individuals realize this about themselves so they can grow
77
Q

Who was associated with the humanistic psychology and what did they study with relevance to personality? What did each emphasize?

A

Maslow and Rogers studied how human potential is realized and what can prevent growth/cause failure to realize potential. Rogers emphasis on how actualization happens. Maslow emphasis on how to realize potential by observing those who were best adapted. He also conceptualized hierarchy of needs

78
Q

Actualization

A

Tendency (part of human nature) to develop capabilities in ways that maintain or enhance the organism

79
Q

Actualization in all organisms or only humans?

A

Actualization possible in all organisms

80
Q

Actualization physical examples

A 
physical maturation (bigger, stronger)
immune system removes disease
81
Q

self-actualization

A

actualization applied to personality more than physical
Growing in ways that promote maintenance or enhancement of the self –>1) gain autonomy & 2)enrich experience/creativity 3)promote congruence/integration within yourself “be at peace with yourself”

82
Q

What is kind of an individual results from one who is self-actualizing?

A

A fully functioning person:

  • open to experiencing/trusting feelings and the world.
  • Live life to the fullest (even at risk of pain)
  • Could be any kind of person
83
Q

two main influences on human behavior

A

self actualization

positive regard

84
Q

Strong motive…

A

for positive regard is to want to be accepted and to have the love and affection of others (especially important people)

85
Q

Organizaing self determination and control:
List the 2 controlled regulations
List the 2 self determined regulations. What kind of motivation are all 4 of these?
What is the other type?

A

controlled: 1)external (social pressure) and 2)introjected (self approval)
self-determined: 1)identified (conscious valuing and endorsement) and integrated (congruence with the self)
These 4 are all extrinsic motivators
The other type is Intrinsic motivation: inherent, interest, enjoyment, and satisfaction

86
Q

Contrast sensory self vs cognitive self bases

A 
Sensory:
1) Double stimulation
(touching oneself)
2) Body boundary
3) Recognition of self
as distinct (knowing
one’s mirror image)
vs
Cognitive:
1)Evaluative reactions
to self (self-esteem)
2) Shared vs.
unshared feelings
(private pain vs.
public anguish)
3) Knowing that others
have a different
perspective from
one’ own

Personality Psychology (7 decks)

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