Chapter 8 Flashcards
Intelligence and Individual differences in cognition
psychometric theories (8.1)
psychologists who specialize in measuring psychological characteristics such as intelligence and personality
CATTELL (8.1)
fluid intelligence
refers to the ability to perceive relations among stimuli
CATTELL (8.1)
crystallized intelligence
comprises a person’s culturally influenced accumulated knowledge and skills, including understanding printed language, comprehending language, and knowing vocabulary
- based on experience
information processing theory (8.1)
speed of information processing
- flexibility of strategies
- transferring strategies to new information
SPEARMAN (8.1)
general intelligence
good capacity in one area
- g factor
SPEARMAN (8.1)
specific intelligence
- specific area of intelligence
Gardiner’s theory of multiple intelligence (8.1)
- linguistic
- logical-mathematical
- spatial
- musical
- bodily-kinesthetic
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
- naturalistic
- existential
GARDINER'S (8.1) emotional intelligence (EI)
the ability to use one’s own and other’s emotions effectively for solving problems and living happily
STERNBERG’S THEORY OF SUCCESSFUL INTELLIGENCE (8.1)
analytic ability
- ability to analyze
- analyzing problems and generating different solutions
STERNBERG’S (8.1)
creative ability
- involves dealing adaptively with novel situations and problems
STERNBERG’S (8.1)
practical ability
knowing what solution or plan will actually work
- monitoring the situation
CREATIVE THINKING (8.1)
- elaborate thinking
- fluency
- flexibility
- originality
- elaboration
- less categories = less creative
MEASURING INTELLIGENCE (8.2) mental age (MA)
- Binet and Simon
- referred to the difficulty of problems that children could solve correctly
MEASURING INTELLIGENCE (8.2) intelligence quotient (IQ)
- Terman
- simply the ratio of mental age to chronological age (CA)
- MA/CA x 100
MEASURING INTELLIGENCE (8.2) Wechsler intelligence Scale for Children - IV
- verbal and performance skills
- children 6 y.o to 16 y.o
- general intelligence
- verbal comprehension
- memory
- processing speed
- adjust scales so the average IQ is always 100
MEASURING INTELLIGENCE (8.2) Bayley Scales for infant development
- 1 to 42 months-olds
1. cognitive
2. language
3. motor
4. social-emotional
5. adaptive behavior
MEASURING INTELLIGENCE (8.2) dynamic testing
measures a child’s learning potential by having the child learn something new in the presence of the examiner and with the examiner’s help
- new task and strategies they use to solve problems
- fluid intelligence
- outside of zone of proximal development
intelligence, heredity, and environment (8.2)
- environmental risk and protective factors
- high IQ = well organized and stable
- object that are stimulating
- involvement of parents
- expectations for child to do well: encouragement
- parents who respond within the zone of proximal development
MEASURING INTELLIGENCE (8.2) collectivity
the interdependence of the members of the community
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS (8.2) culture-fair intelligence test
include test items based on experiences common to many cultures
- Raven’s progressive matrices: pictures
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS (8.2) stereotype threat
- self-fulfilling prophecy, in which knowledge of stereotypes leads to anxiety and reduced performance consistent with the original stereotype
sex differences (8.2)
- girls are better at verbal and timed tasks
- boys are better at numerical reasoning and spatial visualization and mental rotation
GIFTED AND CREATIVE CHILDREN (8.3)
gifted
- IQ of 130 or more
- exceptional academic achievement and specialized talent in arts
- specific areas
- more emotional mature than others
- as adults they are more satisfied with careers
giftedness associated with (8.3)
- the child loves the subject and has an overwhelming desire to master it
- instruction to develop the child’s special talent usually begins at an early age
- parents are committed to promoting their child’s talent
- like-minded peers
- a challenging curriculum
GIFTED (8.3)
convergent thinking
- using information to determine a standard, correct answer
- intelligence is associated with…
GIFTED (8.3)
divergent thinking
- creativity is associated with…
- where the aim i snot to find a single correct answer
intellectual disability (8.3)
- refers to substantial limitations in intellectual ability, as well as problems adapting to an environment, with both emerging before 18 years old
- IQ of 70 or below
- organic and family related cognitive delays
- difficulty adapting to environmental demands
learning disability (8.3)
a. have difficulty mastering an academic subject
b. have normal intelligence
c. not suffering from other conditions that could explain poor performance
- 5% of children in Canada
LEARNING DISABILITY (8.3) developmental dyslexia
- difficulties in reading individual words
- phonological problem in their ‘learning stage’
- Broca’s area
LEARNING DISABILITY (8.3) impaired reading comprehension
- difficulties understanding words that have been read successfully
- Wernicke’s area
LEARNING DISABILITY (8.3) mathematical learning disability or developmental dyscalculia
- difficulties in mathematics
- processing of quantity and symbol
