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PSYC 2290 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

Cognitive Processes and Academic skills

1
Q

memory (7.1)

A
  • length of memory improves with age
  • hippocampus and amygdala not fully developed until about 2 years (recall)
  • prefrontal cortex development assists memory as well
  • amygdala emotion memories
  • schemas are not fully developed
  • developing strategies more effective
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2
Q

memory strategies (7.1)

A
  • an action to promote remembering
    1. rehearsal
    2. organization (11 to 12 y.o)
    3. clustering/chunking
    4. elaboration
    5. external memory aids
    6. network of knowledge
    7. selection of best strategies
    8. metamemory
    9. metacognition
    10. cognitive self regulation
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3
Q 
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1)
rehearsal
A

-strategy of repeating information that must be remembered

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4
Q 
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1)
organization
A
  • structuring material to be remembered so that related information is placed together
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5
Q 
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1)
elaboration
A
  • embellishing information to be remembered to make it more memorable
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6
Q 
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1)
chunking
A
  • process of organizing related items into one meaningful group
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7
Q 
MEMORY STRATEGIES(7.1)
metamemory
A
  • diagnosing memory problems accurately and monitoring the effectiveness of memory strategies
  • refers to a child’s informal understanding of memory
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8
Q 
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1)
metacognitive knowledge
A
  • such knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes
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9
Q 
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1)
cognitive self-regulation
A
  • skill at identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and monitoring accurately
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10
Q

KNOWLEDGE AND MEMORY (7.1)

A 
networks of knowledge of concepts
~ categories
~ relationships between categories
~ properties of concepts
~ scripts
- storing information verbatim or by the gist
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11
Q

KNOWLEDGE AND MEMORY (7.1)

script

A
  • a memory structure used to describe the sequence in which events occur
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12
Q

KNOWLEDGE AND MEMORY (7.1)

fuzzy trace theory

A
  • developed by Charles J. Brainerd and Valerie Reyna

- most experiences can be stored in memory exactly (verbatim) or in terms of their basic meaning (gist)

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13
Q

autobiographical memory (7.1)

A
  • refers to people’s memory of the significant events and experiences of their own lives
  • form in preschool
  • language skills and sense of self solidifies these memories: self schemas
  • guidance from adults to enhance memory
  • personal timeline
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14
Q 
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY (7.1)
infantile amnesia
A
  • refers to the inability to remember events from one’s early life
  • age 3 to 4
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15
Q

eyewitness testimonies (7.1)

A
  • vulnerability to leading questions: preschool children
  • repeated questioning “are you sure ____?”
  • distortions
  • limited source monitoring skills
  • source MISATTRIBUTION
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16
Q

to have most accurate (eyewitness) (7.1)

A
  • open ended questions
  • let the children talk
  • don’t repeat the questions
  • avoid asking, if they are sure about what happened
17
Q

problem solving (7.2)

A
  1. setting a goal
  2. developing strategies to achieve the goal
  3. problem solving improves with age - 7 months
18
Q 
PROBLEM SOVLING (7.2)
means-ends analysis
A

which a persondetermines the difference between the current adn desired situations, and then does something to reduce the difference

19
Q 
PROBLEM SOLVING (7.2)
heuristics
A

rules of thumb that do not guarantee a solution but are useful in solving range of problems

20
Q

features of problem solving (7.2)

A 
- encoding issues
       ~ mental representations
- planning ahead
- using general and specific preferences
      ~ means-end analysis
      ~ sub goals
- multiple strategies
       ~ heuristics
- collaboration: good social skills, both focused on finding solution, both of one of them has the capacity to find solution
21
Q

SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM SOLVING (7.2)

confounded variables

A

variables that children and adolescents combined instead of evaluated independently - so the results are ambiguous

22
Q

scientific problem solving (7.2)

A
  • confounding variable
  • difficulty integrating theory and data (confirmation bias)
  • reach conclusions prematurely (little evidence)
23
Q

READING (7.3)

word recognition

A

the process of indentifying a unique pattern of letters

24
Q

READING (7.3)

comprehension

A

process of extracting meaning form a sequence of words

25
Q

READING (7.3)

phonological awareness

A

ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letter

  • rhymes
  • storing familiar words
26
Q

READING (7.3)

decoding

A

identifying individual words by sounding out the letters in them

27
Q

COMPREHENSION (7.3)

propositions

A

children derive meaning by combining words to form ideas

28
Q

READING (7.3)

self-monitoring

A

whether they understand or not -reread the sentence

29
Q

READING (7.3)

second language

A

inconsistent words/sounds

30
Q

WRITING (7.3)

knowledge-telling strategies

A

adolescence

-deciding what information to include and how best to organize it for the point they wish to convey to their reader

31
Q

WRITING (7.3)

incentive spelling

A
  • writing how it sounds

- better and faster writing

32
Q

WRITING (7.3)

knowledge transformation strategy

A

as child grows up –> organize thoughts –> leave out info

33
Q

application of number (7.3)

A
  • understanding quantity
  • adding and subtracting (4 or 5)
  • naming numbers (2 y.o)
  • counting (3 y.o)
  • by 5 y.o they can count by 9
  • math skills facilitated by working at studies, having parents that support education, children have positive attitude towards studying and education
34
Q

LEARNING TO COUNT (7.3)

one-to-one principle

A

must be one and only one number name for each object that is counted

35
Q

LEARNING TO COUNT (7.3)

stable-order principle

A

number names must be counted in the same order

36
Q

LEARNING TO COUNT (7.3)

cardinality principle

A

the last number name differs from the previous ones in a counting sequence by denoting the number of objects

PSYC 2290 (5 decks)

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