Chapter 7 Flashcards
Cognitive Processes and Academic skills
memory (7.1)
- length of memory improves with age
- hippocampus and amygdala not fully developed until about 2 years (recall)
- prefrontal cortex development assists memory as well
- amygdala emotion memories
- schemas are not fully developed
- developing strategies more effective
memory strategies (7.1)
- an action to promote remembering
1. rehearsal
2. organization (11 to 12 y.o)
3. clustering/chunking
4. elaboration
5. external memory aids
6. network of knowledge
7. selection of best strategies
8. metamemory
9. metacognition
10. cognitive self regulation
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1) rehearsal
-strategy of repeating information that must be remembered
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1) organization
- structuring material to be remembered so that related information is placed together
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1) elaboration
- embellishing information to be remembered to make it more memorable
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1) chunking
- process of organizing related items into one meaningful group
MEMORY STRATEGIES(7.1) metamemory
- diagnosing memory problems accurately and monitoring the effectiveness of memory strategies
- refers to a child’s informal understanding of memory
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1) metacognitive knowledge
- such knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1) cognitive self-regulation
- skill at identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and monitoring accurately
KNOWLEDGE AND MEMORY (7.1)
networks of knowledge of concepts ~ categories ~ relationships between categories ~ properties of concepts ~ scripts - storing information verbatim or by the gist
KNOWLEDGE AND MEMORY (7.1)
script
- a memory structure used to describe the sequence in which events occur
KNOWLEDGE AND MEMORY (7.1)
fuzzy trace theory
- developed by Charles J. Brainerd and Valerie Reyna
- most experiences can be stored in memory exactly (verbatim) or in terms of their basic meaning (gist)
autobiographical memory (7.1)
- refers to people’s memory of the significant events and experiences of their own lives
- form in preschool
- language skills and sense of self solidifies these memories: self schemas
- guidance from adults to enhance memory
- personal timeline
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY (7.1) infantile amnesia
- refers to the inability to remember events from one’s early life
- age 3 to 4
eyewitness testimonies (7.1)
- vulnerability to leading questions: preschool children
- repeated questioning “are you sure ____?”
- distortions
- limited source monitoring skills
- source MISATTRIBUTION
to have most accurate (eyewitness) (7.1)
- open ended questions
- let the children talk
- don’t repeat the questions
- avoid asking, if they are sure about what happened
problem solving (7.2)
- setting a goal
- developing strategies to achieve the goal
- problem solving improves with age - 7 months
PROBLEM SOVLING (7.2) means-ends analysis
which a persondetermines the difference between the current adn desired situations, and then does something to reduce the difference
PROBLEM SOLVING (7.2) heuristics
rules of thumb that do not guarantee a solution but are useful in solving range of problems
features of problem solving (7.2)
- encoding issues
~ mental representations
- planning ahead
- using general and specific preferences
~ means-end analysis
~ sub goals
- multiple strategies
~ heuristics
- collaboration: good social skills, both focused on finding solution, both of one of them has the capacity to find solutionSCIENTIFIC PROBLEM SOLVING (7.2)
confounded variables
variables that children and adolescents combined instead of evaluated independently - so the results are ambiguous
scientific problem solving (7.2)
- confounding variable
- difficulty integrating theory and data (confirmation bias)
- reach conclusions prematurely (little evidence)
READING (7.3)
word recognition
the process of indentifying a unique pattern of letters
READING (7.3)
comprehension
process of extracting meaning form a sequence of words
READING (7.3)
phonological awareness
ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letter
- rhymes
- storing familiar words
READING (7.3)
decoding
identifying individual words by sounding out the letters in them
COMPREHENSION (7.3)
propositions
children derive meaning by combining words to form ideas
READING (7.3)
self-monitoring
whether they understand or not -reread the sentence
READING (7.3)
second language
inconsistent words/sounds
WRITING (7.3)
knowledge-telling strategies
adolescence
-deciding what information to include and how best to organize it for the point they wish to convey to their reader
WRITING (7.3)
incentive spelling
- writing how it sounds
- better and faster writing
WRITING (7.3)
knowledge transformation strategy
as child grows up –> organize thoughts –> leave out info
application of number (7.3)
- understanding quantity
- adding and subtracting (4 or 5)
- naming numbers (2 y.o)
- counting (3 y.o)
- by 5 y.o they can count by 9
- math skills facilitated by working at studies, having parents that support education, children have positive attitude towards studying and education
LEARNING TO COUNT (7.3)
one-to-one principle
must be one and only one number name for each object that is counted
LEARNING TO COUNT (7.3)
stable-order principle
number names must be counted in the same order
LEARNING TO COUNT (7.3)
cardinality principle
the last number name differs from the previous ones in a counting sequence by denoting the number of objects
