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Biology 120 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are blastema cells?

A

Cells used in regeneration that can divide up to 50 times faster than usual

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2
Q

What do all prokaryotic cells use for division?

A

Binary fission

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3
Q

What is the central region where all the DNA is compacted in a cell during the cell cycle?

A

Nucleoid

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4
Q

What is the origin of replication?

A

A specific region where replication of the bacterial chromosome commences
Middle of the cell where enzymes for DNA are located

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5
Q

What is the mechanism that propels the two replicated chromosomes to their ends?

A

Unknown

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6
Q

How do dinoflagellates divide differently using mitosis?

A

The nuclear envelope remains intact during mitosis and the chromosomes bind to the inner membrane
When nucleus divides the chromosomes are segregated

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7
Q

How do eukaryotes store chromosomes? (Strand wise)

A

In double strands holding one as the copier (diploid)

Some microorganisms hold them in single strands (haploid)

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8
Q

What is the ploidy of a cell or species?

A

The number of chromosome sets in it
Ex: haploid 1
Diploid 2
Triploid 3

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9
Q

How are sister chromatically held together?

A

They are held together by proteins called cohesins that encircle the sister chromatids along their length

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10
Q

What is chromosome segregation?

A

The equal distribution of daughter chromosomes into each of the two daughter cells that result from cell division?

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11
Q

After a chromosome copies and is connected as a sister Chromatid by its centromere what is it called?

A

A chromosome still

ONE CHROMOSOME

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12
Q

What is a clone?

A

Genetically identical cell that is created from mitosis

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13
Q

What is G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase?

A

G1- cell fairies out its function, some cases it grows
S- DNA replication and chromosome duplication occurs
G2- brief goat in cell cycle where cell growth continues and prepares for mitosis

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14
Q

What is the only phase of the cell cycle that varies in length?

A

G1 phase

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15
Q

What is the G0 phase?

A

A phase which stops cell division of a cell is not destined to divide immediately

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16
Q

What occurs doing prophase?

A

Chromosomes begin to condense into rodlike structures
Nucleolus disappears
Mitotic spindle begins to form as centrosomes migrate to opposite ends

17
Q

What occurs during prometaphase?

A

Bundles of microtubules grow from centrosomes
A complex of several proteins called a kinetochore forms on each chromatid at the centromere (the kinetochore microtubules bind to these)

18
Q

What do microtubules that do not connect to kinetochores do?

A

Overlap those from opposing spindle poles

19
Q

What occurs during metaphase?

A

Spindle reaches its final form
Spindle microtubules move the chromosomes into alignment at spindle midpoint
Chromosomes complete condensation

20
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

The collection of metaphase chromosomes arranged according to size and shape

21
Q

What occurs during anaphase?

A

Sister chromatically separate and move to opposite spindle poles
Kinetochore forst to move towards opposite poles
Chromosome segregation is complete once daughter chromosomes have reached the two poles

22
Q

What occurs during telophase?

A

Spindle disassembles
Chromosomes at each end decondense and return to extended state
Nucleolus re appears
New nuclear envelope forms

23
Q

How does cytokinesis unfold in animals, Protists and many fungi?

A

A cleavage furrow slowly forms and gradually deepens until it cuts the cytoplasm into two

24
Q

How does cytokinesis unfold in plants?

A

A new cell wall called the cell plate forms and grows laterally till it divides the cytoplasm

25
Q

What is a microtubules organizing centre?

A

The centrosomes that anchors the microtubules cytoskeleton during interphase

26
Q

What does the centrosomes contain? What do these do

A

A pair of centrioles which generate the microtubules needed for flagella and cilia

27
Q

When DNA replicate in S phase, what else replicates?

A

The centrioles within the centrosome also duplicate

28
Q

What are asters?

A

They are the centrosomes at the spindle tips which form the the poles of the spindle

29
Q

Are centrosomes present in angiosperms or gymnosperms?

A

No

30
Q

What two groups are microtubules split into to?

A

Kinetochore microtubules- connect to chromosome and spindle poles
Nonkinetochore- extend to spindle poles without touching chromosome

31
Q

How do chromosomes get to spindle midpoints

A

Unknown but some say they walk themselves using motor proteins

Biology 120 (12 decks)

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