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Biology 120 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do the enzymes phosphatases do?

A

Catalyze the removal of phosphate groups from a range of molecules

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2
Q

What are the two types of energy?

A

Kinetic- energy possessed by an object in motion
Ex: energy of electricity
Potential- stored energy an object has because of its position or chemical structure
Ex: boulder on top of a cliff

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3
Q

How does the chemical energy of electrons affect the potential energy of objects?

A

The farther away an electron is from the nucleus, the greater the potential energy that atom possesses

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4
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A

The branch of science that concerns energy and how it changes during chemical and physical transformations

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5
Q

What are the three different types of systems in thermodynamics?

A

Isolated- does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings
Thermos
Closed system- can exchanges energy but not matter with its surroundings
Saucepan with water and lid heating
Open system- both energy and matter can move freely between the system and the surroundings
Ocean

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6
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can be transformed from one form into another or transferred from one place to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed
Ex: Niagra falls, water at top gas high potential energy then uses kinetic energy when it falls then once it lands is converted to other types of energy like heat sound and mechanical energy

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7
Q

What is entropy?

A

The tendency of energy to become dispersed or spread out

Defined as S

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8
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

The entropy of a system and the surroundings will increase- energy will always become more spread out.
Ex: cars engine doesn’t 100% devote energy to wheels. Try touching an engine after it’s been running, heat energy

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9
Q

What is a spontaneous process?

What changes affect the spontaneity?

A

A process that can occur without energy input

  1. Reactions tend to be spontaneous if they’re exothermic
  2. Reactions tend to be spontaneous when the entropy of the products is greater than the entropy of the reactants
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10
Q

What is enthalpy? What is it’s equation?

A

The total potential energy of a system

defined as H

TriangleH=Hproducts-Hreactants

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11
Q

What is the difference between endothermic and endothermic reactions?
Is the change in enthalpy positive of negative for each?

A

Endo- transformations that absorb energy from the surroundings (results in products having a more potential energy than starting models
TriangleH= positive
Exo- a process that releases energy. (Products have less potential energy than starting particles)
TraingleH is negative

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12
Q

What is the equation to measure whether or not a reaction is spontaneous?

A

Gibbs free energy (G)

TriangleG=Gproducts-Greactanta

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13
Q

What is a spontaneous reaction?

What does exergonic and endergonic mean?

A

Spontaneous reaction is where the free energy of the products is less than the free energy of the reactants (G is negative)
Exer- spontaneous process
Ender- nonspontaneous process

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14
Q

How does energy enter the biosphere?

A

Light energy from the sun is transformed into chemical energy through photosynthesis

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15
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The collection of all the chemical reactions present within a cell or organism

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16
Q

What is the difference between catabolic reactions and anabolic reactions?

A

Catabolic- a series of chemical reactions that result in the breakdown of more complex molecules into smaller ones
Energy released
Anabolic- a series of reactions that result in the synthesis of more complex molecules from simpler ones
Require energy

17
Q

What is ATP and what does it consist of?

A

Chemical energy molecule that consists of a five carbon sugar, ribose, lined to the nitrogenous base adenine that joins tons chains of three phosphate groups

18
Q

Why is triangleG negative in ATP when it is hydrolyzed?

A
  1. A decrease in potential energy occurs

2. Am increase in entropy occurs

19
Q

What is the only way energy is released?

A

When ATP is hydrolyzed

20
Q

What is energy coupling?

A

An endergonic reaction that occurs by being coupled to an exergonic reaction

21
Q

What is the activation energy? What is the state where molecules gain the activation energy called?

A

The initial energy investment required to start a reaction

Ea

Transition state

22
Q

Why is using heat problematic for speeding up a reaction in biology? How do you speed up a reaction in biology?

A
  1. High temperatures destroy the structural components of cells
  2. An increase in Temp would speed up all possible helical reactions in cell which destroys precise regulation of metabolic pathways
23
Q

What is used to slow chemical reactions in biology?

What does this reduce?

A

Use catalysts. Chemical agent that speeds up the rate of a reaction without taking part in it
Ex enzymes

Enzymes decrease activation energy

24
Q

What is the active site?

A

The specific site on an enzyme where catalysis takes place

25
Q

What is conformation and the theory behind enzymes and substrates connecting?

A

Conformation is the enzyme being flexible by changing its shape for the substrate and smoothly fitting in
Enzyme binds to the substrate, forming enzyme-substrate complex (catalysis)

26
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

A nonprotein group that binds very precisely to the enzyme

Coenzymes are cofactors that are organic molecules

27
Q

What are the three mechanisms enzymes use to lower the activation energy?

A
  1. Bringing the molecules together
  2. Exposing the reactants molecule to altered charge environments that promote catalysis
  3. Changing the shape of a substrate molecules
28
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

It is competitive regulation where the prescience of a competitor decreases the rate of the normal substrate-dependant reaction
Results in inhibition of normal enzyme function

29
Q

What is noncompetitive regulation?

A

Molecules that interact with the enzyme can cause an increase or decrease in enzyme function

30
Q

What is the allosteric site?

A

A location on an enzyme outside the active site where a regulatory molecule is binded in noncompetitive regulation

31
Q

How and why do temperature and pH affect enzyme activity?

A

Enzymes reach maximal activity within a narrow range of temperature or pH
pH affects speeding rate of biochemical reaction
Tell affects chemical reactions of all kinds and has more of a specific affect on all proteins including enzymes

Biology 120 (12 decks)

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