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AP Biology DNA STRUCTURES AND GENE FUNCTION > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What steps occur in a sexual life cycle?

A

Mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization.

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2
Q

What happens in sexual reproduction?

A

2 parents produce genetically variable gametes by meiosis. Fertilization produces a zygote.

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3
Q

Mitosis cell division produces identical eukaryotic cells used for what?

A

Growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction.

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4
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

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5
Q

What does apoptosis do?

A

Shapes structures and kills cells that could become cancerous.

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6
Q

What happens after the cell receives the signal to die?

A

Enzymes destroy the cell’s components. Immune system cells dispose of the remains.

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7
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Cell death due to trauma or infection.

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8
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes are condensing and the spindle fibers start to form

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9
Q

Prometaphase

A

nuclear envelopes begin to break down and spindle fibers attach to kinetochores at the centrosome

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10
Q

Metaphase

A

replicated chromosomes align along cells center

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11
Q

Anaphase

A

chromatid of each replicated chromosomes seperate

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12
Q

Telophase

A

the spindle fibers break down and nuclear envelopes form

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13
Q

What does a contractile ring form?

A

cleavage furrow (the indentation of the cell’s surface that begins the progression of cleavage)

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14
Q

What forms as plant cells divide between two daughter cells?

A

cell plate

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15
Q

How does cancer arise?

A

when cells divide out of control

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16
Q

What regulates cell division?

A

chemical signals

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17
Q

What stimulates cell division that may pause or halt at multiple check points during the cell cycle?

A

external signals called growth factors

18
Q

When does DNA Replication happen?

A

before cell division (mitosis) during interphase

19
Q

Dividing cells must 1st do what?

A

duplicate its genome which consists of 1 or more chromosomes

20
Q

Helicase enzymes do what?

A

unwind and unzip DNA

21
Q

What keeps strands seperate?

A

binding proteins

22
Q

__ adds DNA nucleotides to RNA primer.

A

DNA polymerase

23
Q

What seals nicks after the primer is replaced with DNA ?

A

Legase

24
Q

What do DNA replication errors produce?

A

mutations

25
Q

How do prokaryotes divide?

A

binary fission

26
Q

Step 1 of binary fission:

A

DNA first replicates

27
Q

Step 2 of binary fission:

A

2 chromosomes attach to the cell membrane

28
Q

Step 3 of binary fission:

A

cell growth between the attachment points separates the chromosomes into 2 identical daughter cells

29
Q

Replicated chromosomes do what as a eukaryotic cell prepares to do divide?

A

condense

30
Q

What does a chromosome consist of?

A

chromatin (DNA+protein)

31
Q

Where are the 2 identical sister chromatids of a chromosome attached?

A

to the centromere

32
Q

How is chromatin organized?

A

in nucleosomes

33
Q

How can tumors occur?

A

from excess cell division or deficient apoptosis

34
Q

Cancer cell break through cell cycles. True or false

A

true

35
Q

Do benign tumors spread?

A

no

36
Q

Does a malignant tumor spread?

A

yes, by invading nearby tissues and metastasizes if it reaches the bloodstream

37
Q

What is cancer?

A

a family of diseases characterized by malignant cells.

38
Q

How do cancer cells divide?

A

uncontrollaby

39
Q

What happens when telamere becomes very short?

A

divison ceases

40
Q

Cancer cells produce an enzyme called?

A

telamerase (angiogenic factors)

41
Q

Cancer cells continue to divide even after growth factors depleted. True or false

A

true

AP Biology DNA STRUCTURES AND GENE FUNCTION (5 decks)

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