Chapter 11 DNA Tech Flashcards
What is a protein that cuts double piece stranded DNA at a specific base sequence?
Restriction Enzymes
What type of genetic information has been cut with restriction enzymes and DNA from other organisms?
Recombinant DNA
What is an individual with recombinant DNA called?
Transgenic Organism
What determines the nucleotide sequence of DNA fragments?
DNA sequencing
What is DNA Technology?
The practical application of the knowledge about DNA
What is a polymerase chain reaction?
Amplifies DNA in a test tube using the cell’s replication machinery
What is DNA Profiling?
Uses DNA sequencing and PCR to detect genetic differences amount individuals
What are Stem Cells?
Cells found in embryos and some adult tissue that give rise to other cell types
What is cloning?
Identical copy of an organism
What is a Somatic Cell nuclear transfer?
Type of cloning that combines a nucleus taken from one individual’s body cell with a denucleated egg cell from another individual to produce the first cell of a new organism
What is a DNA probe?
A single-strained piece of DNA, labeled with a radioactive isotope tag, used to detect the presence of a known sequence of nucleotides
What does a DNA probe attach to?
If placed in the right position, the probe will bind to a complementary DNA sequence locating a target gene
What is preimplantation genetic diagnosis?
Uses PCR and DNA probes to detect genetic diseases in embryos that might later be implanted in a woman’s uterus
What is Genetic Testing?
Uses PCR and DNA probes to detect genetic diseases in fetuses, newborn, adult, and children (broad testing)
What is Gene Therapy?
Employs viruses to insert healthy genes into cell
What do DNA Technology’s tools apply to?
Individual chromosome or entire genome
Transgenic organisms contain DNA from __?
Other organisms
What are transgenic organisms important in?
Industry, Research, and Agriculture
What tools help researchers create recombinant DNA and introduce it to the receipt cell?
Restriction enzymes and plasmids
What does DNA sequencing reveal?
the order of bases
What is the Sanger Method?
Modified nucleotides to generate DNA fragments at various lengths
What does electrophoresis do?
sorts the fragment by size to reveal the DNA sequence
What percent of the 3.2 billion base pairs of the human genome encode proteins?
1.5%
What does the remaining 98.5% of base pairs of the human genome do?
encodes rRNA, tRNA, microRNA, regulatory sequences, pseudogenes, transposable elements and other repeats
Where does PCR replicate genes?
In a test tube
First step in PCR?
DNA separates into two strands
Second step in PCR?
DNA polymerase adds complimentary nucleotides to each strand
Third step in PCR?
Repeated cycles of heating and cooling allow for rapid amplification of the target DNA sequence
What do individuals genetically vary in?
Single bases and short tandem repeats (STRs)
