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AP Biology DNA STRUCTURES AND GENE FUNCTION > Chapter 10 Patterns of Inheritance > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Genes encode __.

A

proteins

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2
Q

What creates new alleles?

A

mutations

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3
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

continuous molecule of DNA with associated proteins

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4
Q

What are the chromosome pairs a diploid contains?

A

22 homologous autosomes and one set of sex chromosomes (23 pairs in total = 46)

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5
Q

What does fertilization do?

A

unites gametes and restores the diploid number (46)

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6
Q

What did Mendel’s experiments do?

A

uncovered basic laws of inheritance

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7
Q

Why did Mendel study inheritance through pea plants?

A

developed quickly, produce abundant offspring, and easy to breed

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8
Q

What happens in true-breeding?

A

Self-fertilization yields only offspring identical to the parent

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9
Q

What happens in a hybrid?

A

Characteristics from 2 different parents

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10
Q

The dominant allele is…

A

always expressed if present

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11
Q

The recessive allele is…

A

masked by dominant allele

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12
Q

In a gene, a cell’s two alleles may be?

A

alike or different

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13
Q

Heterozygous:

A

different, phenotype = dominant gene (Bb)

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14
Q

Homozygous:

A

same, dominant (BB), recessive (bb)

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15
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

a physically observed characteristic

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16
Q

What is a wildtype?

A

allele that is most common in a population

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17
Q

A change in a gene is a…

A

mutation

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18
Q

Mutations can create…

A

mutant phenotypes

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19
Q

What does P stand for?

A

Purebred Parental generation

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20
Q

What does F1 stand for?

A

1st generation of offspring

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21
Q

What does F2 stand for?

A

2nd generation of offspring

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22
Q

Two alleles of a gene end up in…

A

different gametes

23
Q

How many genes does a Simple Punnett Square track?

A

one

24
Q

What is monohybrid crossing?

A

mating between 2 individuals that are heterozygous for the same gene (Bb, Bb)

25
Q

What does a testcross reveal?

A

an unknown genotype by breeding the individual to a homozygous recessive individual

26
Q

What is Mendel’s Law of Segregation?

A

Two alleles of the same gene separate into different gametes

27
Q

How are genes on different chromosomes inherited?

A

independently

28
Q

Tracking 2-gene inheritance requires what?

A

a larger Punnett Square

29
Q

What is dihybrid crossing?

A

mating between individuals that are heterozygous for two genes

30
Q

What does Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment and Meiosis state?

A

Inheritance of 1 gene does not affect the inheritance of another gene on a different chromosome. Independent Assortment occurs because homologous pairs of chromosomes align randomly during Metaphase I of Meiosis.

31
Q

What aids the completion of complex Punnett Squares?

A

The Product Rule (Rule is an alternative to Punnett squares for following the inheritance of 2 or more traits at a time)

32
Q

Genes on the same chromosome may be what?

A

inherited together

33
Q

What are linked genes?

A

genes located on the same chromosome

34
Q

What are linkage genes?

A

Collections of genes that are often inherited together

35
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Farther apart two linked genes are on a chromosome

36
Q

What have studies of linked genes yielded?

A

chromosomes maps

37
Q

What have breeding studies revealed?

A

the crossover frequencies used to create linkage maps

38
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Alleles are heterozygous in incomplete dominance, originally from two homozygous

39
Q

What is codominance?

A

Alleles are heterozygous but contain two dominant alleles, both phenotypes are displayed

40
Q

Gene expression can alter what?

A

phenotypic rations

41
Q

What happens when a gene is Pleiotropic?

A

gene affects multiple phenotypes (When multiple proteins participate in a biochemical pathway, mutations in genes encoding any of the proteins can produce the same phenotype)

42
Q

What happens in Epitasis?

A

one gene masks the affect of another

43
Q

Sex genes for a female:

A

XX

44
Q

Sex genes for a male:

A

XY

45
Q

What disorders affect males more than females?

A

X-linked recessive disorders

46
Q

X-linked recessive disorders?

A
  • Hemophilia A
  • Red-green color blindness
  • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
47
Q

X-linked dominant disorders?

A
  • extra hairiness

- retinis pigmentosa

48
Q

What does X-inactivation prevent?

A

“double dosing” of proteins

49
Q

What does X-inactivation shut down?

A

all but one X-chromosome in a female mammal

50
Q

What is the purpose of a pedigree model?

A

traces phenotypes in families and reveals modes of inheritance

51
Q

What is an Autosomal Dominant disorder?

A

disorder from one affected parental

52
Q

Autosomal Dominant disorders?

A
  • Huntington Disease
  • Marfan Syndrome
  • Polydactyl
53
Q

What is an Autosomal Recessive disorder?

A

disorder from two affected parents (affects mostly males)

54
Q

Autosomal Dominant disorders?

A
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Albinism
  • Tay-Sachs disease

AP Biology DNA STRUCTURES AND GENE FUNCTION (5 decks)

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