Chapter 8

Question 1

When the power of the maternalist argument fell short, what issue did reformers have difficulty with?

Answer 1

Ending child labor

Question 2

What was the goal of the Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL)?

Answer 2

To reconcile women workers with the organized labor movement

Question 3

After the United States entered World War I, Ida B. Wells-Barnett was threatened with jail because she

Answer 3

defended black soldiers executed by the U.S. government.

Question 4

What strategy did the National Consumers’ League develop to argue against the Supreme Court’s refusal to accept a maximum workday for women in Lochner v. New York?

Answer 4

They reasoned women workers needed special protection because they could become mothers.

Question 5

Why did it take so long to win votes for women?

Answer 5

Large numbers of women with little else in common had to unite behind this goal.

Question 6

How was the Great Migration of African Americans from southern rural communities to northern urban centers during the 1910s different from European and Asian migrations?

Answer 6

African American women comprised almost 50 percent of migrants.

Question 7

An extremely organized and politicized manifestation of cutting-edge feminism in the Progressive era was the struggle for

Answer 7

birth control.

Question 8

What was significant for women reformers about the 1912 presidential election?

Answer 8

Two of the three political parties supported woman suffrage.

Question 9

What did the disparity in average working men’s and women’s wages reflect in 1900?

Answer 9

Men had the most skilled jobs.

Question 10

What feminist goal did Charlotte Perkins Gilman advocate?

Answer 10

Collective housework to ease women’s domestic burden

Question 11

Activist women viewed supporting the war as an opportunity to

Answer 11

demonstrate their right to full citizenship.

Question 12

Female social reformers during the Progressive era often described women’s activism by drawing on the image of

Answer 12

public housekeeping.

Question 13

What is notable about the Progressive Party’s position regarding women?

Answer 13

It fully integrated women into all its activities.

Question 14

Jane Addams became the first American woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for

Answer 14

her role in the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.

Question 15

Why did women organize a silent march down the streets of New York City in 1914?

Answer 15

To protest the violence of war

Question 16

What did African American women hope to gain from suffrage?

Answer 16

A counter to the disenfranchisement of African American men

Question 17

What ground-breaking step was taken by the National Woman’s Party as they tried to push for woman suffrage?

Answer 17

Picketing the White House

Question 18

Wage-earning women supported the woman suffrage movement because they were promised that the vote would

Answer 18

raise women’s wages.

Question 19

To introduce a more radical suffrage approach that broke from the NAWSA’s previous campaigns, Alice Paul and Lucy Burns

Answer 19

conducted a western campaign to oust Democrats from office.

Question 20

How did clerical work change as more women moved into the occupation?

Answer 20

While this work was increasingly open to women, it ceased being an avenue of upward mobility.

Question 21

What was the turning point in the Lawrence textile strike of 1912?

Answer 21

When children were beaten by police, which drew negative publicity for factory owners

Question 22

How did a new generation of suffrage leaders try to bring the suffrage movement into conformity with the realities of urban, industrial, modern America in the early 1900s?

Answer 22

They rejected the outdated term “woman suffrage” for the more modern term, “votes for women.”

Question 23

Why did women establish the Women Wage Earners Association during World War I?

Answer 23

To assist migrating black women workers

Question 24

What was a central principle of “Maternalism,” a term coined by recent historians to refer to the Progressive-era justification for women’s programs?

Answer 24

Society needed to protect motherhood for the good of the nation.

Question 25

Why were the women strikers successful in the garment workers’ strike of 1909-1910?

Answer 25

Harassment of upper- and middle-class WTUL members brought newspaper headlines.

Question 26

Why was Margaret Sanger arrested in 1916?

Answer 26

For operating a birth control clinic