Chapter 8

Question 1

discovery, exploration, initial conquest, and settlement of the new world. Also witnessed the penetration of Southeast Asian market by Portugal and the Netherlands

Answer 1

First stage of the European empire

Question 2

Mercantile empires, colonial trade rivalry among Spain, France, and England. trade and commerce

Answer 2

Second Stage of the European Empire

Question 3

extensive communities of Africans formed in these areas

Answer 3

Chesapeake region of Maryland and Virginia

Question 4

European governments largely turned from their involvement in the Americas and carved out new formal empires in Africa and Asia. Began in the nineteenth century

Answer 4

Third Stage of the European Empire

Question 5

mid twentieth century, decolonization of peoples who had previously lived under European control

Answer 5

Fourth Stage of The European Empire

Question 6

innate cultural superiority, epidemiological advantage and technological supremacy related to naval power and gun powder, and diseases

Answer 6

Reasons that Europeans were able to exert such influence and domination over so much of the world.

Question 7

established the boundaries of empire during the first half of the 18th c.

Answer 7

Treaty of Utrecht

Question 8

Controlled all of the mainland of South America, except for Brazil (Portugal) and Dutch Guiana. Also controlled C. America

Answer 8

Spain

Question 9

consisted of colonies along the N. Atlantic seaboard, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Bermuda, Jamaica, and Barbados

Answer 9

Britain

Question 10

covered the St. Lawrence River valley and the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys. West Indian islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, Saint Domingue, stations in India

Answer 10

France

Question 11

Surinam (S. America), Cape colony (S. Africa), trading stations in West Africa, Sri Lanka, and Bengal in India. Controlled the trade with Java in what is now Indonesia.

Answer 11

United Netherlands/Provinces (the Dutch)

Question 12

term used to describe close government control of the economy that sought to maximize exports and accumulate as much precious metals as possible to enable the state to defend its economic and political interests

Answer 12

mercantilism

Question 13

Governments could not control their subjects activities, colonists wished to trade with each other, traders and merchants always tried to break the monopoly of another

Answer 13

“golden age of smugglers”

Question 14

Their colonists quarreled endlessly with each other over the coveted regions of the lower Saint Lawrence River valley, upper New England and the Ohio River Valley

Answer 14

France and Britain in N. America

Question 15

Heart of the eighteenth century colonial rivalry in the Americas

Answer 15

West Indies

Question 16

became a staple rather than a luxury, used in coffee, tea, and cocoa, making candy and preserving fruits, and in the brewing industry

Answer 16

Sugar

Question 17

European footholds in India were trading posts

Answer 17

Factories

Question 18

the Administration and government o several Indian states had weakened. Joseph Dupleix for the French and Robert Clive for the British saw the developing power vacuum as an opportunity to increase the control of their respective companies

Answer 18

Two circumstances in the mid 18th c. That changed the situation in India