Chapter 7

Question 1

Term applied to the pattern of social, political, and economic relationships and institutions that existed in Europe before the French Revolution.

Answer 1

Old Regime (ancien regime)

Question 2

1. aristocratic elites possessing a wide variety of inherited legal privileges. 2. established churches intimately related to the state and the aristocracy. 3. an urban labor force usually organized into guilds. 4. a rural peasantry subject to taxes and feudal dues

Answer 2

Basis of pre-revolutionary Europe

Question 3

Consisting 1-5% of of the population, wealthiest sector of population, had widest degree of social, political and economic power, land provided them with their largest source of income.

Answer 3

Aristocracy

Question 4

the four hundred wealthiest best defined, most socially responsible families, which the eldest male sat in the House of Lords, owned 1/4 of the arable land in their country

Answer 4

British nobility

Question 5

400,000 nobles, sword and robe, divided between who held office or favor with the royal court and those who didn’t.

Answer 5

French nobility

Question 6

provincial nobility, little better off than the peasants

Answer 6

hobereaux

Question 7

land tax, French nobles did not pay this

Answer 7

Taille

Question 8

income tax which nobles were technically liable to pay, “twentieth”

Answer 8

vingtieme

Question 9

forced labor on public work, nobles were not liable

Answer 9

corvees

Question 10

Polish nobles, exempt from taxes after 1741, had the right of life and death over their serfs. Relatively poor

Answer 10

Szlacta

Question 11

nobles possess broad judicial powers over the peasantry through their manorial courts, enjoyed various degrees of exeptmtion from taxation

Answer 11

Austrian/Hungary nobility

Question 12

Wealthiest Hungarian noble, owned 10 million acres of land.

Answer 12

Prince Esterhazy

Question 13

these noble’s power became much stronger after the accession of Frederick the Great in 1740. Frederick drew war officers from this class. Had extensive judicial authority over serfs

Answer 13

Prussian nobles/Junkers

Question 14

Peter the Great linked the state service and noble social status through the Table of Ranks established among Russian nobles a self conscious class identity that had not previously existed.

Answer 14

Russian Nobility

Question 15

Russian leader, reduced service to twenty-five years.

Answer 15

Empress Anna

Question 16

exempted the greatest nobles entirely from compulsory state service

Answer 16

Peter III

Question 17

legally defined the rights and privileges of noble men and women in exchange for the assurance that the nobility would serve the state voluntarily.

Answer 17

Catherine the Great

Question 18

Term applied to eighteenth-century aristocratic efforts to resist the expanding power of European monarchies

Answer 18

Aristocratic resurgence.

Question 19

french courts

Answer 19

parlements

Question 20

feudal dues French peasants were subject to

Answer 20

banalites

Question 21

practice of forced labor

Answer 21

corvee

Question 22

French Lords

Answer 22

seigneur

Question 23

Landlords had almost complete control over monarchies in what countries

Answer 23

Prussia, Austria

Question 24

Domain of the Ottoman landlords

Answer 24

cift

Question 25

1773-1775, rebellion in Southern Russia , wanting serf freedom

Answer 25

Pugachev's rebellion

Question 26

violent rebellions (mostly in Britain) that took their wrath out on property rather than people

Answer 26

Rural riots

Question 27

1671-1831: English landowners had exclusive legal right to hunt game. Upheld status of aristocracy

Answer 27

English games law

Question 28

intermediaries that would receive the poached meat and would sell it in the city

Answer 28

Higglers (Coachmen took over this function)

Question 29

the basic structure of production and consumption in preindustrial Europe

Answer 29

Family Economy

Question 30

§ Nuclear family-married couple, children through early teens, servants: 5-6 § Married late- 26 for men, 23 for women

Answer 30

Northwestern European Households

Question 31

young people working in exchange for room, board , wages; not necessarily socially inferior to employers; normally ate with family.

Answer 31

Servant

Question 32

§ Marriage usually before 20, often arranged § Extended family: 3-4 generations, 9-20 members or more in rural Russia § Aided by landlord's need for labor.

Answer 32

Eastern European Households

Question 33

the withdrawal of a man before ejactulation

Answer 33

coitus interruptus

Question 34

the most famous foundling hospitals

Answer 34

Paris Foundling hospital / London Fondling hospital

Question 35

The percent of children in a foundling hospital who survived to the age of ten

Answer 35

10%

Question 36

The innovations in farm production that began in the eighteenth century and ed to a scientific and mechanized agriculture

Answer 36

Agricultural revolution

Question 37

Area were the drive for improvements in agricultural production began

Answer 37

Holland /Low Countries

Question 38

English landlord who started the use of the iron plow to turn the earth more deeply as well as planting wheat with a drill

Answer 38

Jethro Tull

Question 39

Learned from the Dutch how to cultivate sandy soil with fertilizer, created crop rotation

Answer 39

Charles "Turnip" Townsend

Question 40

British agricultural improver, new methods of animal breeding that produce more meat and milk

Answer 40

Robert Blackwell

Question 41

edited the Annals of Agriculture, became British secretary of Agriculture

Answer 41

Arthur Young

Question 42

The consolidation or fencing in of common lands by British landlords to increase production and achieve greater commercial profits. It also involved the reclamation of waste land and the consolidation of strips into block fields

Answer 42

enclosures

Question 43

Reasons for population growth

Answer 43

death rate decline, fewer wars/epidemics, better medical knowledge

Question 44

Mechanization of the European economy that began in Britain in the second half of the 18th c.

Answer 44

Industrial Revolution

Question 45

English porcelain manufacturer who first attempted to find customers among the royal family and aristocracy

Answer 45

Josiah Wedgwood

Question 46

The vast increase in both the desire and the possibility of consuming goods and services that began in the early eighteenth century and created the demand for sustaining the industrial revolution

Answer 46

Consumer Revolution

Question 47

Why was Britain the leading country in the Consumer Revolution

Answer 47

§ London: largest city in Europe, center of fashion § Prominence of newspaper (advertising) § Largest free-trade area in Europe § Rich in coal and iron ore § Stable political structure, secure property, sound financial system § Comparatively high social mobility.

Question 48

Method of producing textiles in which agents furnished raw materials to households whose members spun them into thread and then wove cloth, which the agents then sold as finished products

Answer 48

domestic system of textile production

Question 49

a machine invented in England by James Hargreaves around 1765 to mass-produce thread

Answer 49

Spinning jenny

Question 50

A water powered device invented by Richard Arkwright to produce a more durable cotton fabric. It led to the shift in the production of cotton textiles from households to factories

Answer 50

water frame

Question 51

invented the power loom

Answer 51

Edmund Cartwright

Question 52

perfected the steam engine at the university of Glascow

Answer 52

James Watt

Question 53

Invented the first practical engine to use steam power

Answer 53

Thomas Newcomen

Question 54

toy and button manufacturer who partnered with Watt,

Answer 54

Matthew Boulton

Question 55

cannon manufacturer, helped drill the precise metal cylinders in Watt's engine design

Answer 55

John Wilkinson

Question 56

introduced a new puddling process (melting and stirring molten ore)

Answer 56

Henry Cort

Question 57

English writer who believed the kinds of employment open to women had narrowed

Answer 57

Priscilla Wakefield

Question 58

Women turning towards cottage industries (Knitting, button making, etc.) because of the mechanization of textile factories

Answer 58

defamation of women workers

Question 59

cities with populations over 100,000

Answer 59

Paris, Milan, Venice, and Naples

Question 60

the reasons for the growth of large cities declining, new cities emerged, and small cities population increased

Answer 60

1. overall population increase 2. early stages of the Industrial Revolution, particularly Britain, occurred in the countryside and fostered the growth of smaller towns near factories 3. new prosperity of European Agriculture

Question 61

when consumption of this liquor blinded and killed many poor British people. evident in the engravings of William Hogarth

Answer 61

gin age

Question 62

nobles, large merchants, bankers, financiers, clergy, government officials-the small oligarchy that ran the city.

Answer 62

Upper class/aristocrats

Question 63

merchants, tradespeople, bankers, professionals; diverse and divided; normally supported reform, change, economic growth; feared poor, envied nobility.

Answer 63

Middle class (bourgeoisie)

Question 64

grocers, butchers, fishmongers, carpenters, cabinetmakers, smiths, printers, tailors, etc. -largest group in any city; like peasants, were in many ways conservative; economically vulnerable; guilds still important.

Answer 64

Artisans

Question 65

riots caused by the rise in price of bread

Answer 65

bread riots

Question 66

British, raised a specter of an imaginary Catholic plot after the government relieved military recruits from having to take specifically anti Catholic oaths

Answer 66

Lord George Gordon

Question 67

Separate communities in which Jews were required by aw to live

Answer 67

ghettos