Chapter 7 Flashcards
Term applied to the pattern of social, political, and economic relationships and institutions that existed in Europe before the French Revolution.
Old Regime (ancien regime)
- aristocratic elites possessing a wide variety of inherited legal privileges. 2. established churches intimately related to the state and the aristocracy. 3. an urban labor force usually organized into guilds. 4. a rural peasantry subject to taxes and feudal dues
Basis of pre-revolutionary Europe
Consisting 1-5% of of the population, wealthiest sector of population, had widest degree of social, political and economic power, land provided them with their largest source of income.
Aristocracy
the four hundred wealthiest best defined, most socially responsible families, which the eldest male sat in the House of Lords, owned 1/4 of the arable land in their country
British nobility
400,000 nobles, sword and robe, divided between who held office or favor with the royal court and those who didn’t.
French nobility
provincial nobility, little better off than the peasants
hobereaux
land tax, French nobles did not pay this
Taille
income tax which nobles were technically liable to pay, “twentieth”
vingtieme
forced labor on public work, nobles were not liable
corvees
Polish nobles, exempt from taxes after 1741, had the right of life and death over their serfs. Relatively poor
Szlacta
nobles possess broad judicial powers over the peasantry through their manorial courts, enjoyed various degrees of exeptmtion from taxation
Austrian/Hungary nobility
Wealthiest Hungarian noble, owned 10 million acres of land.
Prince Esterhazy
these noble’s power became much stronger after the accession of Frederick the Great in 1740. Frederick drew war officers from this class. Had extensive judicial authority over serfs
Prussian nobles/Junkers
Peter the Great linked the state service and noble social status through the Table of Ranks established among Russian nobles a self conscious class identity that had not previously existed.
Russian Nobility
Russian leader, reduced service to twenty-five years.
Empress Anna
exempted the greatest nobles entirely from compulsory state service
Peter III
legally defined the rights and privileges of noble men and women in exchange for the assurance that the nobility would serve the state voluntarily.
Catherine the Great
Term applied to eighteenth-century aristocratic efforts to resist the expanding power of European monarchies
Aristocratic resurgence.
french courts
parlements
feudal dues French peasants were subject to
banalites
practice of forced labor
corvee
French Lords
seigneur
Landlords had almost complete control over monarchies in what countries
Prussia, Austria
Domain of the Ottoman landlords
cift
1773-1775, rebellion in Southern Russia , wanting serf freedom
Pugachev’s rebellion
violent rebellions (mostly in Britain) that took their wrath out on property rather than people
Rural riots
1671-1831: English landowners had exclusive legal right to hunt game. Upheld status of aristocracy
English games law
intermediaries that would receive the poached meat and would sell it in the city
Higglers (Coachmen took over this function)
the basic structure of production and consumption in preindustrial Europe
Family Economy
§ Nuclear family-married couple, children through early teens, servants: 5-6
§ Married late- 26 for men, 23 for women
Northwestern European Households
young people working in exchange for room, board , wages; not necessarily socially inferior to employers; normally ate with family.
Servant
§ Marriage usually before 20, often arranged
§ Extended family: 3-4 generations, 9-20 members or more in rural Russia
§ Aided by landlord’s need for labor.
Eastern European Households
the withdrawal of a man before ejactulation
coitus interruptus
the most famous foundling hospitals
Paris Foundling hospital / London Fondling hospital
The percent of children in a foundling hospital who survived to the age of ten
10%
The innovations in farm production that began in the eighteenth century and ed to a scientific and mechanized agriculture
Agricultural revolution
Area were the drive for improvements in agricultural production began
Holland /Low Countries
English landlord who started the use of the iron plow to turn the earth more deeply as well as planting wheat with a drill
Jethro Tull
Learned from the Dutch how to cultivate sandy soil with fertilizer, created crop rotation
Charles “Turnip” Townsend
British agricultural improver, new methods of animal breeding that produce more meat and milk
Robert Blackwell
edited the Annals of Agriculture, became British secretary of Agriculture
Arthur Young
The consolidation or fencing in of common lands by British landlords to increase production and achieve greater commercial profits. It also involved the reclamation of waste land and the consolidation of strips into block fields
enclosures
Reasons for population growth
death rate decline, fewer wars/epidemics, better medical knowledge
Mechanization of the European economy that began in Britain in the second half of the 18th c.
Industrial Revolution
English porcelain manufacturer who first attempted to find customers among the royal family and aristocracy
Josiah Wedgwood
The vast increase in both the desire and the possibility of consuming goods and services that began in the early eighteenth century and created the demand for sustaining the industrial revolution
Consumer Revolution
Why was Britain the leading country in the Consumer Revolution
§ London: largest city in Europe, center of fashion
§ Prominence of newspaper (advertising)
§ Largest free-trade area in Europe
§ Rich in coal and iron ore
§ Stable political structure, secure property, sound financial system
§ Comparatively high social mobility.
Method of producing textiles in which agents furnished raw materials to households whose members spun them into thread and then wove cloth, which the agents then sold as finished products
domestic system of textile production
a machine invented in England by James Hargreaves around 1765 to mass-produce thread
Spinning jenny
A water powered device invented by Richard Arkwright to produce a more durable cotton fabric. It led to the shift in the production of cotton textiles from households to factories
water frame
invented the power loom
Edmund Cartwright
perfected the steam engine at the university of Glascow
James Watt
Invented the first practical engine to use steam power
Thomas Newcomen
toy and button manufacturer who partnered with Watt,
Matthew Boulton
cannon manufacturer, helped drill the precise metal cylinders in Watt’s engine design
John Wilkinson
introduced a new puddling process (melting and stirring molten ore)
Henry Cort
English writer who believed the kinds of employment open to women had narrowed
Priscilla Wakefield
Women turning towards cottage industries (Knitting, button making, etc.) because of the mechanization of textile factories
defamation of women workers
cities with populations over 100,000
Paris, Milan, Venice, and Naples
the reasons for the growth of large cities declining, new cities emerged, and small cities population increased
- overall population increase
- early stages of the Industrial Revolution, particularly Britain, occurred in the countryside and fostered the growth of smaller towns near factories
- new prosperity of European Agriculture
when consumption of this liquor blinded and killed many poor British people. evident in the engravings of William Hogarth
gin age
nobles, large merchants, bankers, financiers, clergy, government officials-the small oligarchy that ran the city.
Upper class/aristocrats
merchants, tradespeople, bankers, professionals; diverse and divided; normally supported reform, change, economic growth; feared poor, envied nobility.
Middle class (bourgeoisie)
grocers, butchers, fishmongers, carpenters, cabinetmakers, smiths, printers, tailors, etc. -largest group in any city; like peasants, were in many ways conservative; economically vulnerable; guilds still important.
Artisans
riots caused by the rise in price of bread
bread riots
British, raised a specter of an imaginary Catholic plot after the government relieved military recruits from having to take specifically anti Catholic oaths
Lord George Gordon
Separate communities in which Jews were required by aw to live
ghettos
