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European History > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Term applied to the pattern of social, political, and economic relationships and institutions that existed in Europe before the French Revolution.

A

Old Regime (ancien regime)

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2
Q
  1. aristocratic elites possessing a wide variety of inherited legal privileges. 2. established churches intimately related to the state and the aristocracy. 3. an urban labor force usually organized into guilds. 4. a rural peasantry subject to taxes and feudal dues
A

Basis of pre-revolutionary Europe

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3
Q

Consisting 1-5% of of the population, wealthiest sector of population, had widest degree of social, political and economic power, land provided them with their largest source of income.

A

Aristocracy

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4
Q

the four hundred wealthiest best defined, most socially responsible families, which the eldest male sat in the House of Lords, owned 1/4 of the arable land in their country

A

British nobility

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5
Q

400,000 nobles, sword and robe, divided between who held office or favor with the royal court and those who didn’t.

A

French nobility

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6
Q

provincial nobility, little better off than the peasants

A

hobereaux

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7
Q

land tax, French nobles did not pay this

A

Taille

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8
Q

income tax which nobles were technically liable to pay, “twentieth”

A

vingtieme

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9
Q

forced labor on public work, nobles were not liable

A

corvees

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10
Q

Polish nobles, exempt from taxes after 1741, had the right of life and death over their serfs. Relatively poor

A

Szlacta

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11
Q

nobles possess broad judicial powers over the peasantry through their manorial courts, enjoyed various degrees of exeptmtion from taxation

A

Austrian/Hungary nobility

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12
Q

Wealthiest Hungarian noble, owned 10 million acres of land.

A

Prince Esterhazy

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13
Q

these noble’s power became much stronger after the accession of Frederick the Great in 1740. Frederick drew war officers from this class. Had extensive judicial authority over serfs

A

Prussian nobles/Junkers

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14
Q

Peter the Great linked the state service and noble social status through the Table of Ranks established among Russian nobles a self conscious class identity that had not previously existed.

A

Russian Nobility

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15
Q

Russian leader, reduced service to twenty-five years.

A

Empress Anna

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16
Q

exempted the greatest nobles entirely from compulsory state service

A

Peter III

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17
Q

legally defined the rights and privileges of noble men and women in exchange for the assurance that the nobility would serve the state voluntarily.

A

Catherine the Great

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18
Q

Term applied to eighteenth-century aristocratic efforts to resist the expanding power of European monarchies

A

Aristocratic resurgence.

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19
Q

french courts

A

parlements

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20
Q

feudal dues French peasants were subject to

A

banalites

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21
Q

practice of forced labor

A

corvee

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22
Q

French Lords

A

seigneur

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23
Q

Landlords had almost complete control over monarchies in what countries

A

Prussia, Austria

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24
Q

Domain of the Ottoman landlords

A

cift

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25
Q

1773-1775, rebellion in Southern Russia , wanting serf freedom

A

Pugachev’s rebellion

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26
Q

violent rebellions (mostly in Britain) that took their wrath out on property rather than people

A

Rural riots

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27
Q

1671-1831: English landowners had exclusive legal right to hunt game. Upheld status of aristocracy

A

English games law

28
Q

intermediaries that would receive the poached meat and would sell it in the city

A

Higglers (Coachmen took over this function)

29
Q

the basic structure of production and consumption in preindustrial Europe

A

Family Economy

30
Q

§ Nuclear family-married couple, children through early teens, servants: 5-6
§ Married late- 26 for men, 23 for women

A

Northwestern European Households

31
Q

young people working in exchange for room, board , wages; not necessarily socially inferior to employers; normally ate with family.

A

Servant

32
Q

§ Marriage usually before 20, often arranged
§ Extended family: 3-4 generations, 9-20 members or more in rural Russia
§ Aided by landlord’s need for labor.

A

Eastern European Households

33
Q

the withdrawal of a man before ejactulation

A

coitus interruptus

34
Q

the most famous foundling hospitals

A

Paris Foundling hospital / London Fondling hospital

35
Q

The percent of children in a foundling hospital who survived to the age of ten

A

10%

36
Q

The innovations in farm production that began in the eighteenth century and ed to a scientific and mechanized agriculture

A

Agricultural revolution

37
Q

Area were the drive for improvements in agricultural production began

A

Holland /Low Countries

38
Q

English landlord who started the use of the iron plow to turn the earth more deeply as well as planting wheat with a drill

A

Jethro Tull

39
Q

Learned from the Dutch how to cultivate sandy soil with fertilizer, created crop rotation

A

Charles “Turnip” Townsend

40
Q

British agricultural improver, new methods of animal breeding that produce more meat and milk

A

Robert Blackwell

41
Q

edited the Annals of Agriculture, became British secretary of Agriculture

A

Arthur Young

42
Q

The consolidation or fencing in of common lands by British landlords to increase production and achieve greater commercial profits. It also involved the reclamation of waste land and the consolidation of strips into block fields

A

enclosures

43
Q

Reasons for population growth

A

death rate decline, fewer wars/epidemics, better medical knowledge

44
Q

Mechanization of the European economy that began in Britain in the second half of the 18th c.

A

Industrial Revolution

45
Q

English porcelain manufacturer who first attempted to find customers among the royal family and aristocracy

A

Josiah Wedgwood

46
Q

The vast increase in both the desire and the possibility of consuming goods and services that began in the early eighteenth century and created the demand for sustaining the industrial revolution

A

Consumer Revolution

47
Q

Why was Britain the leading country in the Consumer Revolution

A

§ London: largest city in Europe, center of fashion
§ Prominence of newspaper (advertising)
§ Largest free-trade area in Europe
§ Rich in coal and iron ore
§ Stable political structure, secure property, sound financial system
§ Comparatively high social mobility.

48
Q

Method of producing textiles in which agents furnished raw materials to households whose members spun them into thread and then wove cloth, which the agents then sold as finished products

A

domestic system of textile production

49
Q

a machine invented in England by James Hargreaves around 1765 to mass-produce thread

A

Spinning jenny

50
Q

A water powered device invented by Richard Arkwright to produce a more durable cotton fabric. It led to the shift in the production of cotton textiles from households to factories

A

water frame

51
Q

invented the power loom

A

Edmund Cartwright

52
Q

perfected the steam engine at the university of Glascow

A

James Watt

53
Q

Invented the first practical engine to use steam power

A

Thomas Newcomen

54
Q

toy and button manufacturer who partnered with Watt,

A

Matthew Boulton

55
Q

cannon manufacturer, helped drill the precise metal cylinders in Watt’s engine design

A

John Wilkinson

56
Q

introduced a new puddling process (melting and stirring molten ore)

A

Henry Cort

57
Q

English writer who believed the kinds of employment open to women had narrowed

A

Priscilla Wakefield

58
Q

Women turning towards cottage industries (Knitting, button making, etc.) because of the mechanization of textile factories

A

defamation of women workers

59
Q

cities with populations over 100,000

A

Paris, Milan, Venice, and Naples

60
Q

the reasons for the growth of large cities declining, new cities emerged, and small cities population increased

A
  1. overall population increase
  2. early stages of the Industrial Revolution, particularly Britain, occurred in the countryside and fostered the growth of smaller towns near factories
  3. new prosperity of European Agriculture
61
Q

when consumption of this liquor blinded and killed many poor British people. evident in the engravings of William Hogarth

A

gin age

62
Q

nobles, large merchants, bankers, financiers, clergy, government officials-the small oligarchy that ran the city.

A

Upper class/aristocrats

63
Q

merchants, tradespeople, bankers, professionals; diverse and divided; normally supported reform, change, economic growth; feared poor, envied nobility.

A

Middle class (bourgeoisie)

64
Q

grocers, butchers, fishmongers, carpenters, cabinetmakers, smiths, printers, tailors, etc. -largest group in any city; like peasants, were in many ways conservative; economically vulnerable; guilds still important.

A

Artisans

65
Q

riots caused by the rise in price of bread

A

bread riots

66
Q

British, raised a specter of an imaginary Catholic plot after the government relieved military recruits from having to take specifically anti Catholic oaths

A

Lord George Gordon

67
Q

Separate communities in which Jews were required by aw to live

A

ghettos

European History (3 decks)

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