Chapter 8

Question 1

retrograde amnesia

Answer 1

loss of memory for information and events occurring prior to the incident that caused the amnesia

Question 2

memory

Answer 2

our ability to store and later retrieve information about past events

Question 3

information processing approach

Answer 3

emphasizes the basic mental process involved in attention, perception, memory and decision making

Question 4

sensory register

Answer 4

which ever-so-briefly (seconds at most) holds the abundant sensory information that swirls around us

Question 5

Short-term memory

Answer 5

holds a limited amount of information, perhaps five to seven items for a short period of time

Question 6

long-term memory

Answer 6

believed to be a relatively permanent and seemingly unlimited store of information

Question 7

encode

Answer 7

get it into the system - if it does not get in, it cannot be remembered

Question 8

consolidation

Answer 8

information is processed and organized in a form suitable for long-term storage

Question 9

storage

Answer 9

holding information in a long-term memory store

Question 10

retrieval

Answer 10

the process of getting information out whenit is needed

Question 11

recognition memory

Answer 11

recalling something by picking it out of different options (multiple choice)

Question 12

recall memory

Answer 12

active retrieval without the aid of cues (essay)

Question 13

cues recall memory

Answer 13

you are given a hint or clue to help recall something

Question 14

working memory

Answer 14

mental “scratch pad” that temporarily stores information while actively operating on it. What is on your mind at that moment

Question 15

central executive

Answer 15

directs attention and controls the flow of information; supervisor of working memory system

Question 16

implicit memory

Answer 16

occurs unintentionally, automatically, and without awareness

Question 17

explicit memory

Answer 17

involves deliberate, effortful recollection of events; tested through traditional recognition and recall tests

Question 18

semantic memory

Answer 18

general facts

Question 19

episodic memories

Answer 19

specific experiences

Question 20

anterograde amnesia

Answer 20

no longer able to make new memories

Question 21

hippocampus

Answer 21

region of the medial temporal lobe responsible for making memories

Question 22

problem solving

Answer 22

use of the information processing system to achieve a goal or arrive at a decision

Question 23

executive control process

Answer 23

guide the selection, organization, manipulation and interpretation of information

Question 24

parallel processing

Answer 24

carrying out multiple cognitive activities simultaneously (listening to a lecture and taking notes)

Question 25

deferred imitation

Answer 25

the ability to imitate a novel act after a delay which clearly requires memory ability

Question 26

habituation

Answer 26

learning to not respond to repeated stimulus

Question 27

preservation errors

Answer 27

children continue to use the same strategy that was successful in the past despite the strategy’s current lack of success

Question 28

rehearsal

Answer 28

the repeating of items children are trying to learn and remember

Question 29

organization

Answer 29

classifying items into meaningful groups

Question 30

elaboration

Answer 30

actively creating meaningful links between items to be remembered

Question 31

mediation deficiency

Answer 31

children cannot spontaneously use or benefit from strategies, even if they are taught how to use them

Question 32

production deficiency

Answer 32

children can use strategies they are taught but do not produce them on their own

Question 33

utilization deficiency

Answer 33

children spontaneously produce a strategy but their task performance does not yet benefit from using the strategy

Question 34

metamemory

Answer 34

knowledge of memory and to monitoring and regulating memory processes (knowing what you memory limits are)

Question 35

metacognition

Answer 35

knowledge of the human mind of the range of cognitive processes (knowing that you are better at learning algebra than a language)

Question 36

knowledge base

Answer 36

An individual’s knowledge of a content area to be learned

Question 37

autobiographical memories

Answer 37

episodic memories of personal events; crucial part of understanding who we are

Question 38

childhood amnesia

Answer 38

they have few autobiographical memories of events that occurred during the first couple years of their life

Question 39

scripts/general event representations (GERs)

Answer 39

represent the typical sequence of actions related to an event and guide future behaviors in similar settings

Question 40

eyewitness memory

Answer 40

the reporting of events witnessed or experienced

Question 41

rule assessment approach

Answer 41

determines what information about a problem children take in and what rules they then formulate to account for this information (children fail to solve problems because they fail to see critical parts of a problem)

Question 42

overlapping waves theory

Answer 42

the developing of problem solving skills is a matter of knowing and using a variety of strategies - gaining experience over time and becoming better at problem solving

Question 43

mild cognitive impairment

Answer 43

adults experiencing significant memory problems (ie. forgetting important appointments)