Chapter 4

Question 1

Infertility

Answer 1

Not being able to get pregnant after a year of trying

Question 2

artificial insemination

Answer 2

injecting sperm into a woman’s uterus

Question 3

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Answer 3

several eggs are removed from a woman’s ovary and manually combined with sperm in a laboratory dish before being returned to a woman’s uterus in hopes that one egg will implant on the wall of the uterus

Question 4

embryologists

Answer 4

people who study early growth and development

Question 5

three stages of prenatal development

Answer 5

germinal, embryonic, fetal

Question 6

germinal period

Answer 6

First trimester; approximately 2 weeks; zygote begins to divide through mitosis, forms blastocyst, enters the uterus and attaches itself to the uterine wall

Question 7

blastocyst

Answer 7

a hollow wall of about 150 cells (attaches to the uterine wall)

Question 8

embryonic period

Answer 8

continues the 1st trimester; 3rd - 8th week; organogenesis

Question 9

organogenesis

Answer 9

part of the embryonic period where every major organ takes shape

Question 10

aminon

Answer 10

a watertight membrane that fills with fluid that cushions and protects the embryo

Question 11

chorion

Answer 11

a membrane that surrounds the minon and attaches root-like extensions called villi to the uterine lining to gather nourishment for the embryo; eventually becomes the lining of the placenta

Question 12

placenta

Answer 12

a tissue fed by blood vessels from the mother and connected to the embryo by the umbilical chord

Question 13

spina bifida

Answer 13

part of the spinal cord is not fully encased in the protective covering of the spinal column.
may lead the child to have neurological problems

Question 14

anencephaly

Answer 14

a condition that is caused by failure of the neural tube to fully close; a lethal defect in which the main portion of the brain above the brain stem fails to develop

Question 15

fetal period

Answer 15

9th week to birth; middle and last trimester; critical period for brain development which involves proliferation, migration,and differentiation

Question 16

proliferation

Answer 16

neurons multiplying at a staggering rate during this period resulting in about 100 billion neurons

Question 17

proliferation

Answer 17

multiplication of neurons during the fetal period; results in 100 billion neurons

Question 18

migration

Answer 18

during the fetal period, stage in which the neurons move from their place of origin in the center of the brain to their particular locations throughout the brain where they will have specific functions

Question 19

differentiation

Answer 19

part of the fetal period in which a neuron’s function is determined by the area to which it migrates despite its original purpose

Question 20

fetal programming

Answer 20

epigenetic effects of the environment that influence developmental outcomes

Question 21

fetal programming

Answer 21

epigenetic effects of the environment that influence developmental outcomes

Question 22

teratogen

Answer 22

any disease, drug, or other agent that can harma developing fetus

Question 23

critical period

Answer 23

a time during which a developing organism is especially sensitive to environmental influences

Question 24

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Answer 24

condition caused by smoking during pregnancy in which a sleeping baby suddenly stops breathing and dies

Question 25

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Answer 25

noticeable physical symptoms due to alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Results in a small head and distinctive facial abnormalities

Question 26

Rubella (German measles)

Answer 26

child may be born with blindness, deafness, heart defects and intellectual disability

Question 27

syphilis

Answer 27

can cause miscarriage or stillbirth in about 6% of cases; children who live can suffer from blindness, deafness, heart problems or brain damage

Question 28

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

Answer 28

destroys the immune system and makes victims more susceptible to “opportunistic” infections that eventually kill them unless they are treated - can be transmitted from mother to baby through the placenta, during the birthing process, or during breastfeeding

Question 29

perinatal environment

Answer 29

environment surrounding the birth

Question 30

anoxia

Answer 30

oxygen shortage; can happen if umblilical chord is pinched or tangled during birth, or if sedatives given to the mother reach the fetus and interfere with its breathing- can lead to memory impairment or cerebral palsy

Question 31

breech presentation

Answer 31

when a baby is in the uterus feet or buttocks first

Question 32

cerebral palsy

Answer 32

a neurological disability primarily associated with difficulty controlling muscle movements; increases risk of learning or intellectual disabilities

Question 33

oxytocin

Answer 33

hormone released by the pituitary gland that can initiate and speed up contractions - may be administered if a woman’s labor has stalled

Question 34

at-risk newborns

Answer 34

either short term or long term problems because of genetic defects, prenatal hazards or perinatal damage