Chapter 8, 33-35 Flashcards
What is infancy?
stage of life from birth to one year of age weigh on average 6.6-7.6 pounds doubling their weight in six months and triple in a year with the head equaling 25 % of body weight infants grow at growth plates at ends of bones. Transition from fetal circulation to pulmonary circulation within first minutes or hours after birth with very short, narrower, less stable and more easily obstructed than at other stage being a nose and diaphragm breather until 4 weeks of age with nasal congestion causing difficulty breathing and diaphragm more prone to injury because of its lack of rigidity
How much sleep does an infant need?
16-18 hours change to 4-6 a day and 9-10 at night 2-4 months infant sleep through night and easy to awaken
What are the vital signs of infant?
16-18 hours change to 4-6 a day and 9-10 at night 2-4 months infant sleep through night and easy to awaken
What is fontanelle?
soft spot on top of skull not fused at birth with posterior closing in 2-3 months, and anterior closing 9-18 months telling hydration by if is it slightly below surface of kull and if its sunken dehydration and if bulging might be pressure unless crying
What is the moro reflex?
when startled, an infant throws his arms out, spreads his fingers, then grabs with his fingers and arms
What is the palmar reflex?
when you place your finger in an infant’s palm, he will grasp it
What is a rooting reflex?
when you touch a hungry infant’s cheek, he will turn his head toward the side touched
What is a sucking reflex?
when you stroke a hungry infant’s lips, he will start sucking
what is bonding?
the sense that needs will be met
What is trust versus mistrust?
concept developed form an orderly, predictable environment versus a disorderly, irregular environment
What is scaffolding?
building on what one already knows
What is temperament?
the infant’s reaction to his environment
What is the toddler phase?
stage of life from 12-36 months. Physical, mental and social development continues with body systems continuing to grow and refine themselves developing individually. 98.6-99.6 gain 4.4 pounds a year. Vital- 80-130 beats/minute, 20-30 breaths/minute, 70-100 mmHG BP. pulmonary system branch and grow increasing alveolar, about 90% of bad adult brain weight with fine motor, muscle mass and bone density increase, toddler more susceptible to illness, all primary teeth by end
What is the preschool age?
stage of life from 3-5 years. Vitals 80-120 beats/minute, 80-110 mmHg. Comparing oneself to others
What is the school age?
stage of life from six to twelve years. 98.6 degrees, gaining 6.6 pounds per year and growing 2.4 inches a year replacing with permanent teeth. 70-100 beats/minute. Better decision making skills allowed to make more decisions on own. With developing self esteem and affected by popularity, rejection, emotional support, and neglect. Moral development based on what is right and wrong from punishment using internal self-control for cognitive growth
What is adolescence?
stage of life from 13-18 years and is the transition to adulthood. Have rapid 2-3 year growth spurts, with enlarging feet and hands, then arms and legs, chest and trunk enlarging in final stage girls finished by age 16 and boys 18. 55-105 beats/minute, 12-20 respirations a minute. Menstruation begins and breast develops. Time of serious family conflicts as they strive for independence and parents strive for control. Achieving more independence and develop own identity, interested in sex, wants to be treated like adult with comfort of childhood and body image is important where self destructive behavior begins. Capacity for logical, analytic, and abstract thinking develop as personal code of ethics
What is early adulthood?
stage of life from nineteen to forty years. Middle adulthood- stage of life from 41 to 60 years develops lifelong habits and routines with vital signs on average of 70 beats/minute, 16-20 respirations/minute. With peak physical between 19-26 years old at optimal performance. Highest level of job stress with love developing childbirth most common new challenges and stress and accidents the leading cause of death
What is middle adulthood?
stage of life from 41 to 60 years. Reflecting On how far they have come and where they want go go such as midlife crisis. Some vision problems, high cholesterol, and health with cancer developing and weight control for women: menopause with heart disease higher later on. Task oriented for accomplishing goals approaching problems as challenges, empty-nest syndrome increased freedom
What is late adulthood?
stage of life from 61+. Twilight years, with vitals depending upon physical and health condition, vascular less efficient, blood volume decreases, less tolerant of tachycardia, respiratory deterioration decreased metabolism, sleep-wake disrupted. Living conditions to live at home? Self worth is she good quality, financial burdens with limited income and increasing expenses, sees death and dying
What are the cardiovascular changes in the elderly?
degeneration of valves and muscles, thickening and narrowing or coronary arteries, degernation of the conduction system
What is degeneration of valves and muscles?
reduced stroke volume and cardiac output may lead to orthostatic hypotension, decreased brain perfusion and reduced tolerance of activity leading patient to complain of dizziness, fainting, or weakness from sitting or standing position and meds for high blood pressure contribute. Prevalence of congestive heart failure increases so assess lung sounds and check for edema
What is thickening and narrowing or coronary arteries?
dysrhythmias, decrease in maximum heart rate. Heart rate may be irregular or abnormally fast or slow. Heart rate may not increase as much in response to blood loss, especially if patient is taking certain medicines for heart problems or high blood pressure
What is the degernation of the conduction system?
Thickening and narrowing of coronary and systemic arteries with decreased delivery of oxygenated blood to tissues; increased risk of heart attack, stroke, aortic aneurysm, and peripheral artery disease. Determine whether any complaints or changes in mental status or neurological problems are new. Remember, a heart attack in elderly may not present with chest pain
What are changes to the respiratory system?
Decreased elasticity of lungs; Diminished cough and gag reflexes