Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What is a compound?
A
- a word formed from two or more whole words
2
Q
What is a root?
A
foundation of a word that is not a word that can stand on its own
3
Q
What is a combining form?
A
a word root with an added vowel that can be joined with other words, roots, or suffixes to form a new word.
4
Q
What is a prefix?
A
word part added to the beginning of a root or word to modify or quality its meaning. what kind of, where, in what direction, or how many
5
Q
What is a suffix?
A
word part added to the end of a root or word to complete it meaning
6
Q
What is a quadriplegia?
A
paralysis of all four limbs
7
Q
What is an acronym?
A
- abbreviation made up of intials pronounced as a word
8
Q
What is a CPAP?
A
for continuous positive airway pressure
9
Q
What is anatomy?
A
the study of body structure ex. organs and organ system
10
Q
What is physiology?
A
the study of body function ex. location and position and actions
11
Q
what is a part of the head?
A
cranium, face, mandible and neck
12
Q
What are the upper extremities?
A
consists of shoulder, thorax, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist and hand. torso is thorax abdomen and pelvis
13
Q
What is the lower extremity?
A
is pelvis, thigh, knee, leg, ankle and foot
14
Q
What is the anatomic position?
A
standard reference position for the body in the study of anatomy. In this position, the body is standing erect, facing the observer, with arms down at the sides and the palms of the hand forward
15
Q
What is a plane?
A
a flat surface formed when slicing through a solid object. safitall or median planes- slicing bod down middle to create two side-by side halves. frontal or coronal plane- clicing body into two halves. transverse or horizontal plane- slcinging body into tw halves front and back
16
Q
What is the midline?
A
an imaginary line drawn down the center of the body, dividing it into right and left halves
17
Q
What is medial?
A
toward the midline of the body
18
Q
What is lateral/recovery?
A
to the side, away from the midline of the bdoy
19
Q
What is bilateral?
A
on both sides
20
Q
What is unilateral?
A
limited to one side
21
Q
What is a mid-axillary line?
A
a line drawn vertically from the middle of the armpit to the ankle
22
Q
What is anterior?
A
front of the body or body part
23
Q
What is ventral?
A
- referring to the front of the body. synonym for anterior
24
Q
What is dorsal?
A
referring to the back of the body or the back of the hand or foot. synonym for posterior
25
What superior?
toward the head (chest superior to abdomen)
26
What is inferior?
away from head, usually compared with another structure closer to the head (ex. lips inferior to nose)
27
What is proximal?
close to torso
28
what is distal/
far away form torso. distal pulse when splitting to make sure circulation isn’t cut off and its foundin extremity.
29
What is torso?
trunk of body, or body without head and extremities
30
What is palmar?
referring to the palm of the hand
31
What is plantar?
referring to the sole of the foot
32
What is mi-clavicular?
the line through the center of each clavicle place stethosocop to listen for breastsounds at mid-clavicular lines to listen to each side of chest
33
What is abdominal quadrants?
four divisions of the abdomen used to pinpoint the location or pain or injury.
34
What is supine?
lying on the back
35
what is prone?
lying facedown
36
What is recovery poisiiont?
lying on the side so lateral recumbent position- preferred for unsconscious nontraumama patients where fluid drain from mouth less likely to be aspirated
37
what is fowler position?
sititng position
38
What is thyroid cartilage?
the wing-shaped plate of cartilage that sits anterior to the larynx and forms the adma’s apple
39
what is musculoskeletal system?
the system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement
40
What is skeleton/
the bones of the body consisting of skull, spine, ribs and sternum, shoulder and upper extremities, and pelvis and lower extremities
41
What is muscle?
tissues that can contract to allow movement of a body part
42
What is ligament?
tissue that connect bone to bone
43
What is tendon?
tissue that connects muscle to bone
44
What is a xiphoid process?
inferior part of sternum or breastbone
45
What is the musculoskeletal system do?
structures of bones, joints, and muscles which functions as a skeleton to support and protect the body, form blood cells, and stores minerals with muscle producing movement.
46
What is skull?
bony structure of head to enclose and protect brain
47
What is cranium?
top, back and sides of skull
48
What is mandible?
lower jaw-bone
49
what is maxillae?
two fused bones forming upper jaw
50
What is nasal bones?
nose bones
51
What is orbits?
bony structures around eyes; eye sockets
52
What is zygomatic arches?
bones that form structure of heels
53
What is vertebra?
33 bones of spinal column providing support for body, and housing and protecting spinal cord.
54
What is cervical?
neck 7 vertebra (more easily injurable control of muscles of breathing diaphragm and muscles between ribs)
55
What is thoracic?
thorax, ribs, upper back with 12 vertebra. lumbar- lower back with 5 vertebra (more easily injurable not supported)
56
What is sacral?
5 vertebra back wall of pelvis. coccyx- tailbone with 4 vertebra
57
What is thorax?
the chest with inside forming thoracic cavity which contains heart lungs and major blood vessels using 12 pairs of ribs to protect 10 attached to sternum and 2 floating no anterior
58
What is sternum?
the breastbone with the manubrium- superior portion of sternum and
xiphoid process- inferior portion of sternum (breastbone)
59
What is lower extremities?
pelvis, acetabulum, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, malleolus, tarsals, metatarsals, calcaneus, and phalanges
60
What is pelvis?
shaped bony structure that supports spine attached to the sacral spine and is point of proximal attachment for lower extremities
• ilium-superior and wides protion of pelvis. wide bony wing near waste
• ischium- lower, posterior portions of pelvis
• pubis-medial anterior portion of pelvis
61
What is acetabulum?
pelvic socket into which ball at proximal end of femur fits to form hip joint
62
what is femur?
large bone of thigh bend at proximal end attach to pelvis with frequent fractures, breaking hip
63
What is patella?
kneecap
64
What is tibia?
medial and larger bone of lower leg
65
What is fibula?
lateral and smaller bone of ower leg
66
What is malleolus?
protrusion on side of ankle. lateral malleoulus at lower end of fibula, seen on outer ankle. medial maelloslus at lower end of tibia seen on inner ankle.
67
What is tarsals?
ankle bones
68
What is metatarsals?
foot bones
69
What is calcaneus?
heel bone
70
What is phalanges?
toe bones and finger bones
71
What are the upper extremities?
clavicle, scapula, acrmion process, acromioclavicular, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, and metacarpals
72
What is the clavicle?
toe bones and finger bones
73
What is the scapula?
highest portion of shoulder
74
What is the acromion process?
joint where acromion and clavicle meet
75
What is acromioclavicular?
bone of upper arm, between shoulder and elbow connected at elbow
76
What is humerus?
bone of upper arm, between shoulder and elbow connected at elbow
77
What is radius?
lateral bone of forearm, connected at elbow, aligned with thumb
78
What is ulna?
medial bone of forearm, connected at elbow
79
What is carpals?
wrist bones
80
What is metacarpals?
hand bones
81
What is a joint?
point where two bones come together
82
What is a ball and socket joint?
. hip oint ball of femur rotates in round socket
83
What is a hinge joint?
ex. elbow angle between humerus and ulna bends and straightens
84
what is the function of muscle?
give it shape and allow for movement
85
What is voluntary muscle?
muscle consciously controlled of brain via nervous system ex. skeletal muscle
86
What is involuntary muscle?
muscle responding automatically to brain signals but not consciously controlled is a smooth muscle ex. gastrointestinal system, lungs, blood vessels, and urinary systems respond automatically from orders form brain
87
What is cardiac muscle?
specialized involuntary muscle found only in the heart. sensitive to oxygen supply can tolerate interruption of blood supply for short periods. automaticity- ability of heart to generate and oncduct electrical impulses on its own
88
What is the respiratory/pulmonary system?
nasal cavity, pharync, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and lungs. it functions to obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the body (buffer system).
89
What is oropharynx?
area directly posterior to the mouth
90
what is nasopharynx?
areas directly posterior to nose/ cleases warms and humidifies inhaled air
91
What is pharynx?
area directly posterior to mouth and nose. made up of oropharynx and nasopharynx. carries air to trachea and produces sound
92
What is epiglottis?
leaf-shaped structure preventing food and foreign matter form entering trachea
93
What is larynx?
voice box. carries air to trachea and produces sound
94
What is cricoid cartilage?
ring-shaped structure forming lower portion of larynx
95
What is trachea?
windpipe structure that connects pharynx to lungs transporting air to and from lungs made up of C-shaped rings of cartilage
96
What is lungs?
the organs where exchange of atmospheric oxygen and waste carbon dioxide take place. sites of gas exchange between air and blood
97
What is bronchi?
- tow large sets of branches come off trachea nd enter lungs left and right bronchi. air passageways inside lungs
98
What is alveoli/
mircoscopic sacs of lungs where gas exchange with bloodstream takes place
99
What is diaphragm?
muscular structure dividing chest cavity from abdominal cavity major muscle. controlled by phrenic nerve
100
What is inhalation?
- an active process in which intercostal (rib) muscles and diaphragm contract lowering and ribs move up an dout, expanding size of chest cavity and causing air to flow into lungs creating negative pressure inside chest pulling air into lungs
101
what is exhalation?
passive process where intercostal rib muscles and diaphragm relax causing chest cavity to decrease in size and air to flow out of lungs. ribs move down and in, with diaphragm rising decreasing chest and positive pressure builds up pushing air out
102
What is ventilation?
process of moving gases (oygen and carbon dioxide) between inhaled air and pulmonary circulation of blood
103
what is respiration?
process o moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between circulating blood and cells
104
What is different about children?
o children have smaller nose and mouth, more space used by tongue, crciod cartilage less developed and rigid, aairway structures easily obstructed. chest wall softer and more flexible relying on diaphragm when difficult to breath creating seesaw breathing pattern where chest and abdomen alternate movement.
105
What is adequate breathing?
- sufficient to support life inhaling and exhaling air. inadequate is not
106
What is in the cardiovascular system?
heart, arteries, and veins, and functions to pump blood throughout the entire body to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes.
107
What are atria?
two upper chambers of heart with right atrium (receiving unoxygenated blood returning from body) an dleft atrium (receiving oxygenated blood returning form lungs).
108
What happens in the right atria?
venae cavae two large veins return blood to heart and receives blood upon contractions send to right ventricle
109
What happens in the left atria?
- receives oxygen rich blood from lungs send to left ventricle
110
What are ventricles?
two lower chambers of heart. right ventricle (send oxygen-poor blood to lungs) and left ventricle (sends oxygenrich blood to body)
111
What happens in the right ventricle?
receives blood form right atrium, when contracts pumps blood to lungs via pulmonary arties low in oxygen and high in CO2
112
what is the left ventricle?
receives oygen rich blood from left atrium. pumps blood into aorta, most muscular pumps to rest of body
113
What is the venue cavae?
superior vena cava and inferior vea cava. two major veins return blood from body to right atria
114
What is a valve?
structure that opens and closes to permit flow of a fluid in only one direction.
115
what is the cardiac conduction system?
syste of specialized muscle tissues conducting electrical impulses stimulating heart to beat automatic and involunatary regulating rate, rhytm, and force with someinput form brain.
116
What is an artery?
any blood vessel carrying blood away from heart
117
What is a coronary artery?
blood vessels supply muscle of heart branch of aorta damage results in chest pain
118
what is aorta?
largest artery in the body transporting blood from left ventricle to systemic circulation. attached to left ventricle, travels superiorly, then arches inferiorly in front of spine thoruh thoracic and abdominal cavities arouhnd navel splits into iliac arteric
119
What is pulmonary arteries?
vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from right ventricle of heart to lungs
120
What is carotid arteries?
large neck arteries, on each side of neck, carry blood from heart to head. palpated during CPR pulse checks
121
What is femoral arteries?
major artery supplying leg
122
What is brachial artery?
artery of upper arm; site of pulse checked during infant CPR in crease over elbow or medial aspect of upper arm used for blood pressure
123
What is radial artery
artery of lower arm; artery felt when taking pulse at thumb side of wrist
124
What is posterior tibial artery?
artery supplying foot, behind medial ankle supply of lower extremeity posterior of medial malleolus
125
What is dorsals pedis artery?
artery supplying foot, lateral to large tendon of big toe
126
What is arteriole?
smallest kind fo artery
127
What is capillary?
thin-walled, microscopic blood vessel where oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrient waste exchange with body’s cells take place
128
What is venule?
smallest kind of vein
129
What is vein?
any blood vessel returning blood to heart
130
What is pulmonary vein?
vessels carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart
131
what is plasma?
fluid portion of blood. watery, salty fluid making up more than half volume of blood with red and whiteblood cells and platelets carried in it.
132
What is red blood cells?
components of the blood carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide awar form cells erythrocytes or red corpuscles with hemoglobin
133
What is white blood cells?
WBC, leukocytes or white corpuscles are components of the blood producing substances (antibodies) that help fight infection and destroy mircoorganisms
134
What is platelets?
platelets are membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells release clotting factors to form blood clots
135
What is pulse?
rhymthic beats caused as waves of blood move thorugh and expand arteries, left ventricle contract by compressing artery over bone allowing to feel the wave of blood.
136
What is peripheral pulse?
radial, brachial, posterior tibial, and dorsais pedis pulses, which can be felt at peripheral outlying points of body
137
What is central pulse?
carotid and femoral pulses felt in central part of body can always feel.
138
What is blood pressure?
pressure exerted caused be blood exerting force against walls of blood vessels, usually arterial blood pressure measured in diastolic blood pressure and systolic
139
What is systolic blood pressure?
- pressure created in arteries when left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation. reported first
140
What is diastolic blood pressure?
in arteries when left ventricle refilling
141
What is perfusion?
supply of oxygen and ntrueitnts to and removal of wastes from cells and tissues of body as result of flow of blood through capillaries
142
What is hypo perfusion?
inability of body to adequately circulate blood to body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrientsa life-threatening condition called shock. inadequate circulation of blood through one or more organs or structures not reaching and filling all capillary networks of body so not delivered to and not removed from body’s tissues.
143
What is acidosis?
waste products making body more acidic injuring bodys cells and limits blood ability to carry oxygen usually when anaerobic metabolism occurs an dproduces lactic acid.
144
what is blood made up of?
is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It functions to transport oxygen, protect against pathogens, and promote clotting to control bleeding
145
What is the lymphatic system?
which consists of tonsils/adenoids, thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes, and lympatic vessels and helps to maintain the fluid balance of the boy and contribute to the body’s immune system. is a collaboration of organs, tissues (nodes), tin-walled vessels, and fluid found throughout entire body
146
What is a lymphatic vessel?
lymph escpaes form cells and tissues and is returned to bloodstream balanced fluids within body
147
What is a thymus?
necessary for development of immune system
148
What is a tonsil?
protects against pathogens in pharynx
149
What is a spleen?
cleanses blood and removes old red blood cells
150
What is a lymph node?
cleanses lymph fluid of bacteria, and foreign cells making lymopcytes and infection-fighting cells. don't take blood pressure on same side as someone with a mastectomy.
151
What is a nervous system?
consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves functioning to receive sensory information and coordinate the body’s response governing sensation, movement, and thought.
152
What is a CNS?
central nervous system made brain (coordinated body functions) and spinal cord (transmits messages to and from the brain) running and reaching everything is important for consciousness.
153
What is the PNS?
peripheral nervous system with nerves that enter and leave spinal cord and travel between brain and organs without passing through spinal cord.
senory nerves- pick up information form throughout body and transmit to spinal cord and brain
motor nerves- carry messages from brain to body
154
What is autonomic nervous system?
division of peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor functions. digestion and heart rate with sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
155
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
fight or flight response when body in crisis engaged. Heart to beat faster, lungs to breathe deeper, and blood vessels to constrict
156
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
times of relaxation feed-or-breed response increased blood flow to digestive tract and reproductive organs slowing heart down
pale and sweaty indicated constricted blood vessels- sumpathetic discarge
157
What is the digestive system?
made up of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and functions to ingest, digest, and absorb nutrients to the body food travels thorugh body and is digested broken down into absorbable forms.
158
What is a stomach?
muscular hollow sac between esophagus and small intestine where digestion of food begins by expanding as fills with food. gastric acid juices break down food
159
what is a small intestine?
muscular tube between stomach and alrge instestine, divided into duodenu, jejunum, and ileum, receives partially digested food from stomach and continues digestion with nutrients absorbed by body through walls
160
What is a large intestine?
- muscular tube removes water form waste products received from small intestine and moves anything not absorbed by body toward excretion from body
161
What is liver?
largest organ of body, produces bile to assist in breakdown of fats and assists in metabolism of various substances in body. detoxifyinges harmful substances, stores sugar, and assists in production of blood products.
162
What is gallbladder?
sac on underside of liver that stores bile produced by liver
163
what is pancreas?
gland located behind stomach produces insulin and (carbohydrate, protein and fat) juices that assist in digestion of food in duodenum of small intestine
164
What is spleen?
organ located in upper quadrant of abdomen acts as blood filtration system for old blood and reservoir for reserves of blood in case of significant blood loss
165
What is appendix?
small tube located near junction of small and large intestine in right lower quadrant of abdomen, function not well understand. inflammation common cause of abdominal pain made up of lymphatic tissue
166
What is an integumentary system?
skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands functioning to form protective barrier and aids in temperature regulation
167
What is skin?
- later of tissue between body and external environment functions as protection (keep out microorganism, debris and unwanted chemicals), water balance (stops water loss, stops environmental fromentering body), temperature regulation (dilate to carry more blood and constrict to prevent heat loss, perspirate and evaportate and fat layer), excretion (salt and excess water released) , and shock absorption
168
What is epidermis?
outer layer of skin four layers outermost dead cells sloughed off, pigment and living in deeper cells no blood vessels.
169
What is dermis?
- inner (second) layer of kin, rich in blood vessels and nerves, found beneath epidermis. sweat glands, sebaceous oild glands, and hair follicels, nerve endings, with this layer open cuasing a lot of problems rpfosue bleeding and intense pain.
170
What is subcutaneous layer?
layers of fat and soft tissues found below dermis. shock absorption and insulation .
171
What is endocrine system?
pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes, and ovaries funcitoining to regulate metabolic/hormonal activities of the body
172
What is insulin?
- a hormone produced by pancres or taken as medication by diabetics
173
What is epinephrine?
hormone produced by body as medication dilates respiratory passages and used to relieve sever allergic reacitons. neurotransmitters engaging sympathetic nervous system affecting heart and bronchial
174
What is the pineal gland?
regulates circadian rhythm in brain by ear
175
What is the pituitary gland?
below pineal regulates many other endocrine glands
176
What is the thyroid and parathyroid glands?
near adams apple regulates metabolic rate and regulates blood calciulm levels
177
what is the thymus gland?
above lungs develops immune system
178
What is the adrenal gland?
- regulates water and electrolyte levels
179
what is the ovaries?
regulates female reproductive organs
180
what is the pancreas?
- regulates blood sugar levels
181
What are the testis?
regulates male reproductive system
182
What is the renal/urinary system?
consisting of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra which functions to filter waste products out of the blood and remove them from the body regulate fluid levels, filter chemicals, and adjust body pH
183
what are kidneys?
organs of renal system used to filter blood and regulate fluid levels in body produce urine. filter urea from blood provide fluid balance by regulating uptake of sodium and produce bicardobante for blood.
184
what is the bladder?
round saclike organ of renal system as a reservoir for urine
185
what are ureters?
tubes connecting kidneys to bladder transporting urine
186
What is the urethra?
- tube connecting balder to vagina or penis for excretion of urine. transport urine to exterior
187
What is the reproductive system?
body system that is responsible for human reproduction
188
What is the male reproductive system?
- including testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland and functions to produce sperm for reproduction
189
What are the testes?
male organs of reproduction used for the production of sperm secretes testosterone. housed in scrotum outside body.
190
What is the vas deferents?
transports sperm to urethra
191
What is the epidermis?
stores sperm
192
What is the seminal vesicles?
secretes fluid for semen
193
What is the prostate gland?
secretes fluid for semen
194
What is the bulbourethral gland?
secretes fluid for semen
195
What is the penis?
organ of male reproduction responsible for sexual intercourse and the transfer of sperm delivers semen during intercourse
196
What is the female reproductive system?
ovaries, fallopian tubes (oviducts), uterus, vagina, vulva, and breasts- produces eggs for reproduction and provides place and nutrients for growing baby
197
What is the ovary?
producing organs within female reproductive system. produces ova and secretes estrogen and progesterone
198
What is the uterus?
female organ of reproduction used to house developing fetus. muscular organ along midline in lower quadrants of female abdomen can seriously bleed.
199
What is the vagina?
female organ of reproduction used for both sexual intercourse and an exit from uterus to fetus receives semen during intercourse
200
What is the breast?
produces milk
201
What is the fallopian tube?
transports ovum to uterus where egg fertilized
202
What is the vulva?
protects vagianl orifigc and urinary meatus
203
What is anatomic position?
facing forward, hands at sides, palms facing forward
204
What is palmar?
refers to palm of hand
205
What is plantar?
sole of foot
