Chapter 8

Question 0

Mental images

Answer 0

A mental representation of a previously stored sensory experience

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

Mental activities involved in acquiring storing retrieving and using knowledge

Question 2

Concept

Answer 2

Mental representation of a group or category that share similar characteristics

Question 3

Prototype

Answer 3

A representation of the best or most typical example of a category

Question 4

Algorithm

Answer 4

A set of steps that if follow correctly will eventually solve the problem

Question 5

Heuristic

Answer 5

Strategies, or simple rules, used in problem-solving and decision-making that do not guarantee a solution

Question 6

Mental set

Answer 6

Persisting in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past rather than trying New ones

Question 7

Functional fixedness

Answer 7

Tendency to think of an object functioning only in it’s usual or customary way

Question 8

Confirmation bias

Answer 8

Tendency to seek out and pay attention only to information that confirms pre-existing positions

Question 9

Availability heuristic

Answer 9

Judging the likelihood or probability of events based on how readily available are other instances in our mind

Question 10

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 10

Estimating the probability of something based on how well the circumstances match our previous prototype

Question 11

Creativity

Answer 11

The ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way

Question 12

Divergent thinking

Answer 12

Thinking that produces many alternatives or ideas

Question 13

Convergent thinking

Answer 13

Narrowing down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer

Question 14

Phoneme

Answer 14

Smallest basic unit of speech or sound

Question 15

Morpheme

Answer 15

Smallest meaningful unit of language

Question 16

Grammar

Answer 16

Rules that specify how words and phrases should be combined to express thoughts

Question 17

Syntax

Answer 17

Grammatical rules that specify how words and phrases should be arranged in a sentence

Question 18

Semantics

Answer 18

Meaning or the study of meaning derived from words and word combinations

Question 19

Cooing

Answer 19

Valelake sounds infants produce beginning around age 2 to 3 months

Question 20

Babbling

Answer 20

Vowel combinations that infants begin to produce at about 4 to 6 months

Question 21

Overextension

Answer 21

Overly broad use of a word to include objects that do not fit the words meaning

Question 22

Telegraphic speech

Answer 22

Two or three word sentences of young children that contain only the most necessary words

Question 23

Overgeneralize

Answer 23

Applying the basic rules of grammar even two cases that are exceptions to the rule

Question 24

Language acquisition device

Answer 24

According to Chomsky, an innate mechanism that enables the child to analyze language and extract the basic rules of grammar

Question 25

Intelligence

Answer 25

General capacity to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, and adapt to changes

Question 26

Fluid intelligence

Answer 26

Aspects of any intelligence, including reasoning abilities, memory, and speed of information processing, that are relatively independent of education and tend to decline as people age

Question 27

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 27

Knowledge and skills gained thru experience and education that tend to increase over the lifespan

Question 28

Standardizion

Answer 28

Establish the means and uniform of procedures for giving and scoring a test

Question 29

Reliability

Answer 29

A measure of the consistency and stability of test scores when the test is readminstered

Question 30

Validity

Answer 30

Ability of a test to measure what was designed to measure

Question 31

Intelligence quotient

Answer 31

A subjects mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100