Chapter 8

Question 1

1. What are the two systems for classifying joints.

Answer 1

a. Structure

b. Function

Question 2

2. Name the 3 classes of joints according to function

Answer 2

i. Synarthrosis
ii. Amphiarthrosis
iii. Diarthrosis

Question 3

Name the 3 classes of joints according to structure

Answer 3

i. Fibrous Articulations
ii. Cartilaginous articulations
iii. Synovial articulations

Question 4

What are the 3 types of Fibrous articulations?

Answer 4

1. Sutures
2. Syndesmoses
   a. Bones are connected by ligaments
   b. Some movement is allowed
3. Gomphoses
   a. Teeth in socket

Question 5

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous articulations

Answer 5

1. Syncondroses
   a. Joined by hyaline cartilage
   b. Little or no movement
   c. Most are temporary, they become synostoses
   d. Example: Epiphyseal growth plate in children
2. Symphyses
   a. Composed of fibrocartilage
   b. Slightly movable
   c. Example: manubrium of sternum

Question 6

4. Describe the major components of a synovial joint.

Answer 6

a. General Features
i. Contains a joint cavity
ii. Contains synovial fluid
iii. Allows considerable movement
iv. Ex. Most joints of the appendicular skeleton
b. General Structure
i. Articular capsule creating a
ii. Joint cavity with
iii. Synovial fluid
iv. Reinforcing ligaments
c. Some synovial joints have
i. Fatty pads
ii. Articular discs

Question 7

a. Flexion

Answer 7

i. Movement anterior to coronal plane

1. Bringing forearm into a right angle

Question 8

b. Extension

Answer 8

i. Movement of a body part posterior to the coronal plane or in the posterior direction
1. Arm down to side

Question 9

c. Hyperextension

Answer 9

i. Abnormal forced extension, beyond the normal range of motion

Question 10

d. Abduction

Answer 10

i. Movement away from the midline

Question 11

e. Adduction

Answer 11

i. Movement toward the midline

Question 12

f. Rotation

Answer 12

i. Turning of a structure around it’s long axis

Question 13

g. Circumduction

Answer 13

i. Motion done when swimming backstroke

Question 14

h. Inversion

Answer 14

i. Turns the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces medially toward the opposite foot with the weight on the outside edge of the foot

Question 15

i. Eversion

Answer 15

i. Turns the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally with the weight on the inside edge of the foot

Question 16

j. Dorsiflexion

Answer 16

i. Movement of the foot toward the shin

Question 17

k. Plantar flexion

Answer 17

i. movement of the foot into tip toe position

Question 18

l. Protraction

Answer 18

i. A gliding motion that moves a structure in an anterior direction

Question 19

m. Retraction

Answer 19

i. Moves the structure back to the anatomical position (or even more posteriorly)

Question 20

n. Supination

Answer 20

i. Rotation of forearm into palm up position

Question 21

o. Pronation

Answer 21

i. Rotation of forearm into palm down position

Question 22

p. Elevation

Answer 22

i. Moves a structure superiorly

Question 23

q. Depression

Answer 23

i. Moves it inferiorly

Question 24

6. Name the 6 types of synovial joints according to the articular shape. Describe the shape and give an example of each.

Answer 24

Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Ellipsoid (condyloid)
Saddle
Ball in Socket

Question 25

a. Plane

Answer 25

i. Intervertebral

Question 26

b. Hinge

Answer 26

i. Cubital (elbow)
ii. Knee
iii. Interphalangeal

Question 27

c. Pivot

Answer 27

i. Atlantoaxial
1. Atlas and axis
ii. Distal radioulnar
1. radiusandulna

Question 28

d. Ellipsoid (condyloid)

Answer 28

i. Atlantooccipital
1. Atlas and occipital bone
ii. Temporomandibular
1. Mandible and temporal bone

Question 29

e. Saddle

Answer 29

i. Carpometacarpal policis
1. Carpal and metacarpal of thumb
ii. Intercarpal
1. Between carpal bones
iii. Sternoclavicular
1. Manubrium of sternum and clavicle

Question 30

f. Ball-in-socket

Answer 30

i. Coxal
1. Hip
ii. Glenohumeral (shoulder)
1. Scapula and humerus