Chapter 4 Flashcards
- Describe the 4 major types of human tissue
a. Epithelial b. Connective muscle nervous
a. Epithelial Characteristics
- Mostly composed of cells 2. Distinct cell surfaces a. Free (apical) surface b. Lateral – connected to other cells c. Basal – connected to the basement membrane 3. Nonvascular 4. Specialized cell contacts bind adjacent epithelial cells together 5. Capable of regeneration
Epithelial Functions
- Protects underlying structures 2. Acts as a barrier 3. Permits the passage of substances 4. Secreting substances 5. Absorbing substances 6. Filtration 7. Sensation
Epithelial Types
- Covering and lining 2. Glandular
- Regarding epithelium, differentiate among squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelium.
a. Squamous i. Flat and scalelike cells b. Cuboidal i. Cells are cube shaped 1. About as wide as they are tall c. Columnar i. Cells tend to be taller than they are wide
- Regarding epithelium differentiate among simple, stratified, and pseudostratified epithelium
a. Simple i. Single layer of cells 1. Each cell extends from the basement to the free surface b. Stratified i. More than one layer of cells c. Pseudostratified i. All cells are attached to the basement membrane, but appears to be stratified because not all cells reach the free surface.
- Regarding connective tissue, what are the three components of all connective tissues
a. Cells i. Produce the extracellular matrix ii. Cell suffixes 1. Blasts - create the matrix 2. Cytes – maintain matrix 3. Clasts – break down matrix for remodeling b. Fibers i. Protein fibers 1. Collagen a. Strong and flexible b. Tendons, ligaments, skin, bone, cartilage 2. Reticular fibers a. Very fine, short, collagen fibers 3. Elastic fibers a. Protein elastin b. Can return to original shape after being stretched of compressed c. Intercellular material
Blasts
create the matrix
- Cytes
maintain matrix
- Clasts
break down matrix for remodeling
Types of protein Fibers
- Collagen a. Strong and flexible b. Tendons, ligaments, skin, bone, cartilage 2. Reticular fibers a. Very fine, short, collagen fibers 3. Elastic fibers a. Protein elastin b. Can return to original shape after being stretched of compressed
- Regarding connective tissue, differentiate among loose, dense, and specialized connective tissues
a. Loose i. Areolar ii. Adipose iii. Reticular b. Dense i. Regular collagenous ii. Regular elastic iii. Irregular collagenous iv. Irregular elastic c. Specialized i. Bone 1. Spongy 2. Compact ii. Cartilage 1. Hyaline 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic iii. Blood 1. Red blood cells 2. Write blood cells 3. Platelets iv. Lymph
What are the types of loose connective tissue
i. Areolar ii. Adipose iii. Reticular
What are the types of Dense connective tissue
i. Regular collagenous ii. Regular elastic iii. Irregular collagenous iv. Irregular elastic
What are the specialized connective tissue
i. Bone 1. Spongy 2. Compact ii. Cartilage 1. Hyaline 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic iii. Blood 1. Red blood cells 2. Write blood cells 3. Platelets iv. Lymph
- Differentiate between areolar and adipose connective tissues
a. Areolar i. Loose packing material of most organs ii. Attaches the skin to underlying tissues b. Adipose i. Contain a large amount of lipids 1. Yellow adipose a. Insulating 2. Brown adipose a. Generates heat
- Differentiate between dense regularly arranged and dense irregularly arranged connective tissue
a. Regularly arranged connective tissue i. Dense regular collagenous connective tissue 1. Parallel fibers with orientation in one direction, very strong cablelike structures a. Tendons b. Ligaments ii. Dense regular elastic connective tissue 1. Parallel bundles of collagen fibers and abundant elastic fibers a. Nuchal b. Vocal folds c. Ligaments along the posterior of the neck b. Irregularly arranged connective tissue i. Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue 1. Contains protein fibers arranged as a meshwork of randomly oriented fibers 2. Layers can be oriented in the same direction, adjacent layers are oriented at nearly right angles a. Most of the dermis of the skin b. Outer covering or body tubes ii. Dense irregular elastic connective tissue 1. Elastic arteries
- Differentiate among the tree kinds of muscular tissue
a. Skeletal i. Enables body to move ii. Voluntary control iii. Cells 1. Long 2. Cylindrical 3. Many nuclei 4. Striated (banded) due to arrangement of contractile proteins within the cells b. Cardiac i. Involuntary control ii. Cells 1. Short cylindrical 2. Striated 3. Single nucleus 4. Branched 5. Intercalated disks a. Woven together b. Help coordinate cardiac muscle c. Smooth i. Locations 1. Forms walls of hollow organs 2. Found in Skin and eyes ii. Function 1. Move food through the digestive tract 2. Empty urinary bladder iii. Involuntary control iv. Cells 1. Tapered at each end 2. Single nucleus 3. Striated
Skeletal Muscles
i. Enables body to move ii. Voluntary control iii. Cells 1. Long 2. Cylindrical 3. Many nuclei 4. Striated (banded) due to arrangement of contractile proteins within the cells
Cardiac Muscles
i. Involuntary control ii. Cells 1. Short cylindrical 2. Striated 3. Single nucleus 4. Branched 5. Intercalated disks a. Woven together b. Help coordinate cardiac muscle
Smooth Muscles
i. Locations 1. Forms walls of hollow organs 2. Found in Skin and eyes ii. Function 1. Move food through the digestive tract 2. Empty urinary bladder iii. Involuntary control iv. Cells 1. Tapered at each end 2. Single nucleus 3. Striated
Types of neurons
i. Multipolar 1. Transmit information 2. Store information 3. Integrate and evaluate data ii. Bi-polar iii. Pseudo Unipolar 1. Conduct action potentials from the periphery to the brain of spinal cord
- What are the two kinds of cells in nervous tissue?
i. Neurons 1. Performs action ii. Microglia 1. support
c. Components of Neurons
i. Dendrites ii. Cell body iii. Long axon iv. Neuroglia 1. Support cells a. Nourish, Protect, Insulate Neurons
Serrous membrane
