Chapter 8 Flashcards
What do the 2 systems of Thinking consist of?
System 1 : Automatic, Quick, Intuitive
System 2: Controlled, Effortful
What are the two types of Heuristics?
Representative: How prevalent this event has been in the past when judging the probability of another event. Base Rates.
Availability: How likely X is based upon how easily you can think of instance when X occurred
2 Cognitive Biases?
Hindsight Bias : overestimating your ability to predict the known outcome.
Confirmation Bias: tendency to seek info that aligns with our beliefs and neglecting conflicting evidence.
Top Down Processing
filling in gaps of info based on preexisting knowledge.
Processing info we receive and slowly giving it meaning by building on it based on experience
What are Concepts and Schemas
C - knowledge of particular sets sharing core properties
S - knowledge of how particular actions, objects, and ideas are related.
Linguistic Determinism. What are reasons to doubt it?
A version of top down processing where no ideas can be created without a linguistic knowledge.
- Children can perform cognitive tasks before they are able to talk about them.
- Language areas in the brain are not always active during other cognitive tasks.
Linguistic Relativity
View that language shape our thought processes
What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
the structure and vocabulary of a particular language will influence or determine the perception, worldview, or cognition of the native speakers of that language.
Example: people who speak both russian and english may only remember info they learned in the one language if asked to recall it in that language.
Is analyzing a situation always a good idea?
Depends. Sometimes, listing pro and con may confuse us producing “paralysis by analysis”
What are 3 Obstacles to Problem Solving?
Salience of Surface Similarities - how attention grabbing something is ,attention on superficial and surface level aspects of a problem
Mental Sets - getting stuck in a specific solution mode once it becomes dependable for you. “inside the box”
Functional Fixedness - Difficulty conceptualizing that an object typically used for one purpose can be used for another. “fixated”
What is the embodied model?
Our knowledge is organized and accessed in a manner that enables us to simulate our actual experience.
What are semantics?
Meaning derived from words and sentences
Phonemes and Morphemes
p - sounds used in a language
M - smallest unit to provide info about semantics
Words and Babies
In uterus (5 months) - recognize mothers voice
2 days old - respond to mothers native language using high amplitude sucking procedure
End of 1st year - babble, comprehension precedes production
2nd - several hundred words
Kindergarten - thousands of words
