Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
causes of metabolic acidosis
A
- diarrhea resulting in an excess loss of bicarbonate
- renal failure resulting in an inability to secrete H+
- untreated diabetes resulting in the formation of excess ketoacids
2
Q
causes of metabolic alkalosis
A
- vomiting resulting in gastric acid, gastric suctioning
- abuse of antacids
- IV bicarbonate
3
Q
causes of respiratory acidosis
A
- lung disease such as chronic bronchitis or emphysema which decrease alveolar ventilation/increase pCO2
- injury to the respiratory control center - barbiturates, hypoventilation
4
Q
respiratory alkalosis
A
- hyperventilation
- rapid ascent to high altitude
- anxiety high fever
- hypoxemia
5
Q
what are the three lines of defense in acid/base imbalances
A
- chemical buffer system
- lungs
- kidneys
6
Q
chemical buffer system
A
converts strong acids into weak acids – this minimizes the change in pH
7
Q
lungs
A
eliminate or increase CO2
8
Q
kidneys
A
eliminate/hold onto H+, excrete/reabsorb/regenerate HCO3-
9
Q
what is the compensation for metabolic acidosis
A
- lungs increase rate and depth to excrete carbon dioxide to decrease acid formation
- kidneys will retain more bicarbonate and increase hydrogen excretion
10
Q
what is the compensation for metabolic alkalosis
A
- lungs will decrease rate and depth of respiration to retain CO2 in order to form more carbon acid H2CO3
- kidney will increase bicarbonate excretion and retain more hydrogen
11
Q
what is the compensation for respiratory acidosis
A
- the kidneys will hold onto bicarbonate and excrete hydrogen
12
Q
what is the compensation for respiratory alkalosis
A
- the kidneys will excrete bicarbonate and hold onto hydrogen
13
Q
what is the metabolic parameter
A
bicarbonate
14
Q
what is the respiratory parameter
A
CO2
15
Q
what is a fixed acid
A
- cannot be exhaled
- eliminated by the kidneys
- includes sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and lactic acid
16
Q
volatile acid
A
- can be exhaled
- eliminated by lungs
- includes carbonic acid
