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Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

Mitosis and Meiosis

1
Q

Cell Reproduction

A

division of one cell into two daughter cells

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2
Q

Reasons for cell reproduction

A
  • cell replacement
  • growth
    -reproduction
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3
Q

Chromatin

A

uncondensed chromosomes, made up of histone and DNA

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4
Q

Chromosome

A

Long strands of DNA loosely packed in the nucleus

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5
Q

DNA Packing

A

the process by which a cell’s long DNA molecule is tightly coiled and wrapped around proteins called histones, forming a compact structure called chromatin, allowing it to fit within the small space of the cell nucleus

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6
Q

Nucleosome

A

when chromatin wraps around a histone to form almost a bead on a friendship bracelet.

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7
Q

Centromere

A

the “waist” at which sister chromatids are attached

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8
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Duplicated chromosomes that are still connected

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9
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Composed of two phases interphase and mitotic

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10
Q

Interphase

A

90% of cell’s life and has three phases: Gap 1, Synthesis phases, Gap 2

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11
Q

Gap One

A

during this time, cells grow, organelles grow in numbers, and everything else functions normally

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12
Q

Synthesis Phase

A

When DNA is replicated

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13
Q

Gap Two

A

Proofreading of DNA, more growth in preparation for cell division

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14
Q

Apoptosis

A

cell-suicide that allows the cell’s parts to be reused

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15
Q

Mitosis

A

the production of two genetically identical daughter cells

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16
Q

PMAT

A

phases of mitosis: prophase, (prometaphase), metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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17
Q

Prophase

A

when sister chromatids condense, the nucleic membrane dissolves, and centrioles start to produce spindle fibers made of microtubules

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18
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes align in the middle of cell and the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres (but not al of them)

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19
Q

Anaphase

A

when the spindle fibers start to contract or grow and separates the sister chromatids and pushes the cell apart, creating a cleavage furrow

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20
Q

Telophase

A

nucleic membrane forms to form two daughter nuclei and spindle fibers dissolve, cleavage furrow deepens

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21
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells

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22
Q

Cytokinesis in animal cells

A

a ring of microfilaments just under the plasma membrane contract, effectively pinching the cell into two

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23
Q

Cytokinesis in plant cells

A

since the cell wall prevents a cleavage furrow, vesicles of cell wall are deposited into the middle and form a cell plate until it connects to the cell wall

24
Q

Cancer

A

tumors that grow due to mutations that cause unrestricted cell growth

25
Q

Malignant tumor

A

a tumor that travels from its origin

26
Q

Benign tumor

A

a tumor that grows in one spot

27
Q

treatments for cancer

A

chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, drugs

28
Q

Homologues

A

chromosomes that code for the same trait but different alleles

29
Q

Somatic cells

A

body cells

30
Q

Germ cells /gametes

A

reproductive cells

31
Q

Autosomes

A

homologues that code for something in both genders

32
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

XY chromosomes that determine gender (XX=girl, XY=boy)

33
Q

Metastasize

A

when cancerous cells break away from its origin and spread

34
Q

Karyotype

A

a visual representation of one’s chromosomes in number order

35
Q

Haploids

A

one full set of chromosomes (n)

36
Q

Diploid

A

two full sets of chromosomes (2n)

37
Q

Ploidy

A

the number of sets of chromosomes (xn)

38
Q

Fertilization

A

when an egg (or female gamete) meets a sperm (or male gamete) and becomes a zygote

39
Q

Zygote

A

The fertilized egg

40
Q

Meiosis

A

the reproduction of sex cells

41
Q

Prophase I

A

Nuclear envelope dissolves and spindle fibers start to form

42
Q

Metaphase I

A

The homologous pairs align in the middle and spindle fibers attach to the pairs. homologous sister chromatids fuse together with specific gene alignment through special proteins, and crossing over occurs

43
Q

Anaphase I

A

when the homologous pairs separate

44
Q

Telophase I

A

chromatids move to poles of the cells and a nuclear envelope form

45
Q

Cytokinesis I

A

two haploid cells form

46
Q

Meiosis II

A

Splitting of sister chromatids

47
Q

Prophase II

A

spindle forms and nuclear envelope forms

48
Q

Metaphase II

A

Sister chromatids align in the middle and spindle fibers attach

49
Q

Anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids are separated

50
Q

Telophase II and Cytokinesis II

A

four new, unique cells form

51
Q

Causes of genetic variation

A
  • independent assortment
  • cross-over
  • non-disjunction
52
Q

Independent assortment

A

how the homologous sister chromatids align during Metaphase I

53
Q

crossing over

A

when homologous pairs of chromosomes align through special proteins and gene alignment allowing alleles to switch and new genetically unique chromosomes form

54
Q

Nondisjunction

A

When a sister chromatid or homologous pair doesn’t separate during one of the anaphases, causing one extra or less chromosome which can lead to mutations such as Down syndrome

55
Q

Down syndrome

A

Trisomy 21, three 21st chromosomes that cause stunted growth, and other complications

56
Q

Tetrad

A

the fused homologous sister chromatids

57
Q

Phenotype

A

the variation of traits within another trait (genotype)

ex//different shades of brown eyes

Biology (8 decks)

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