Chapter 8

Question 1

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 1

energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It may change from one form to another, but the energy in a closed system remains constant.

Question 2

Entropy

Answer 2

Measure of disorder in a closed system.

Question 3

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 3

when energy is transferred, there will be less energy available at the end of the transfer process than at the beginning.

Question 4

Define Metabolism

Answer 4

The chemical reactions that occur in cells that are responsible for actions of organisms.

Question 5

Define Metabolites

Answer 5

The chemicals that take part in metabolism’s chemical reactions.

Question 6

Exergonic Reactions

Answer 6

Energy is released to the surroundings as the reaction forms new bonds. The bonds being formed are
stronger than the bonds being broken. Energy Level is lower than the start of the reaction.

Question 7

Endergonic Reaction

Answer 7

Energy is absorbed from the surroundings. The bonds being formed are
weaker than the bonds being broken. Energy Level is higher than the start of the reaction.

Question 8

What occurs in all chemical reactions?

Answer 8

chemical bonds in the reacting molecules are broken; this takes in energy
then,
new chemical bonds form to make the products; this gives out energy.
The final energy level determines whether the reaction was exergonic or endergonic.

Question 9

Anabolic Reactions

Answer 9

Anabolic reactions use up energy. They are endergonic. In an anabolic reaction small molecules join
to make larger ones.

Question 10

Catabolic Reactions

Answer 10

Catabolic reactions give out energy. They are exergonic. In a catabolic reaction large molecules are
broken down into smaller ones.

Question 11

Kinetic Energy

Answer 11

Energy at work, being used. Bowling Ball moving down a ramp.

Question 12

Potential Energy

Answer 12

Stored Energy, Energy not actively in use. Bowling Ball at the top of a ramp.

Question 13

Activated Complexes

Answer 13

The substance formed in the middle of a chemical reaction, between reactant and product. Cannot be obtained/viewed. Always results in an endergonic reaction.

Question 14

Activation Energy

Answer 14

The amount of energy required to bring molecules together in the correction orientation in the formation of an Activated Complex.

Question 15

Reaction Intermediate

Answer 15

The material formed in between steps of a chemical reaction.

Question 16

How can you determine if a reaction is spontaneous?

Answer 16

If the ΔG is negative.

Question 17

What is an ATP molecule made up of?

Answer 17

3 Phosphate groups
1 Ribose Sugar
1 Adenine

Question 18

What causes which bond to break in ATP

Answer 18

Hydrolysis will break the bond between the last and the middle phosphate groups.

Question 19

Is energy released or absorbed when the terminal phosphate bond is broken?

Answer 19

Energy is released

Question 20

ATP when broken forms which two molecules?

Answer 20

ADP and Pi

Question 21

Define Energy Coupling.

Answer 21

Energy coupling is a critical concept in cellular biology that refers to the linkage of energy-releasing reactions (exergonic
reactions) to energy-consuming reactions (endergonic reactions) within a cell. This process ensures that the energy
released from one reaction is immediately used to drive another reaction that requires energy input, thus maintaining
efficiency and continuity in metabolic processes.

Question 22

What is the function of enzymes?

Answer 22

They are catalysts that increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy, the energy required to start a reaction.

Question 23

What are substrates?

Answer 23

A biological molecule that an enzyme works on.

Question 24

What is an active site?

Answer 24

A specially shaped area of an enzyme that fits around a substrate.

Question 25

What is catalysis

Answer 25

When a substrate is changed in an enzyme’s active site, either broken down or combined with another molecule to create something new.

Question 26

What is a product?

Answer 26

It is what the substrate turns into after catalysis with an enzyme.

Question 27

What is Denaturing

Answer 27

When a control changes an enzymes shape. Can be caused by temperature, activators, pH levels and inhibitors.

Question 28

Activators

Answer 28

Materials that cause enzymes to work harder and faster. They can help the enzyme bind to the substrate.

Question 29

Inhibitors

Answer 29

Something that slows down or stops the activity of an enzyme. Competitive inhibitors block the active site and Allosteric Inhibitors bond to another spot, changing the shape of the enzyme.

Question 30

Feedback

Answer 30

A situation when the output or response of a loop impacts or influences the input or stimulus.

Question 31

Positive Feedback loops

Answer 31

When an increase of something leads to the increased production of it.

Question 32

Negative Feedback loops

Answer 32

When an increased in something leads to a decreased production of it.

Question 33

What is a cofactor

Answer 33

A non-protein chemical compound that is bound to a protein and is required for the protein’s biological activity. The proteins are commonly enzymes.

Question 34

What is a coenzyme

Answer 34

An organic molecule that binds to the active sites of certain enzymes to assist in the catalysis of the reaction.

Question 35

What is cooperatively

Answer 35

A phenomenon in which the shape of one subunit of an enzyme consisting of several subunits is altered by the substrate, or some other molecule as to change the shape of a neighboring subunit.

Question 36

Allosteric Regulation

Answer 36

A widespread mechanism of control protein function.