CHAPTER 8

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

input of information into memory system

Question 2

Storage

Answer 2

retention of the encoded information

Question 3

Retrieval

Answer 3

getting the information out of memory and
back into awareness

Question 4

Semantic encoding

Answer 4

encoding of words and their meaning
* First demonstrated by William Bousfield (1935)
* Asked people to memorize 60 words divided into 4
categories
* Words were randomly presented
* When asked to remember words, recalled them in
categories
* Attended to meanings of words as learned them

Question 5

Visual encoding

Answer 5

encoding of images

Question 6

Acoustic encoding

Answer 6

encoding of sounds, typically language

Question 7

Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory

Answer 7

information passes through
three distinct stages for storage in long-term memory (LTM)
Sensory input
Sensory Memory
Short-term memory
Rehearsal
Long-term memory

Question 8

Automatic processing

Answer 8

–information is processed and stored
with little effort ; usually done without conscious awareness

Question 9

Effortful processing (controlled processing)

Answer 9

requires a lot of
work and attention to encode that information ; e.g., studying

Question 10

Automaticity / Proceduralization – `

Answer 10

the process of
converting effortful / controlled processing tasks into
automatic processing tasks
e.g., learn new skills such as driving a car or typing

Question 11

Short-term memory (STM)

Answer 11

• temporary storage system that
  processes incoming sensory memory
  → receives information from sensory memory
  connects new information to existing long-term memory

Question 12

Memory consolidation

Answer 12

move STM into long-term memory

Question 13

Explicit memory

Answer 13

What we know that we know

Question 14

Implicit memory

Answer 14

What we don’t know that we know

Question 15

Retrieval

Answer 15

getting information out of
memory storage (LTM) and into conscious
awareness

Question 16

engram

Answer 16

group of neurons that serve as “physical
representation of memory”

Question 17

Equipotentiality hypothesis

Answer 17

if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can
take over that memory function

Question 18

Where is Memory Located?

Answer 18

Amygdala - fear and fear memories (emotional memories)

Hippocampus – declarative, episodic, and recognition memory;
projects information to cortical regions that give memories meaning
and connects them with other memories; memory consolidation:
transferring new learning into long-term memory

Cerebellum - procedural memories, such as playing piano

Prefrontal cortex - remembering semantic tasks ; STM

Question 19

Neurotransmitters involved with
memory

Answer 19

epinephrine, dopamine,
serotonin, glutamate, and
acetylcholine

Memory consolidation occurs
through repeated activity by
neurons → repeated use means
less activation is needed for
same response

Question 20

Arousal theory:

Answer 20

• Strong emotional experiences
  form strong memories
• Weaker emotional experiences
  form weaker memories
  Stress causes brain to secrete more
  glutamate → helps remember
  stressful event

Question 21

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 21

How we process and retain information

Question 22

Suggestibility

Answer 22

misinformation
from external sources that leads
to the creation of false memories

Question 23

misinformation effect paradigm

Answer 23

after exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event

Question 24

Repression

Answer 24

unconscious forgetting of
traumatic memories; began with Freud ; controversial

Question 25

Encoding Failure

Answer 25

-Sometimes
memory loss happens before the actual memory process begins
Cannot store and recall something we never encoded

Question 26

Stereotypical bias

Answer 26

involves racial and gender biases.

Question 27

Egocentric bias

Answer 27

involves enhancing our memories of the past.
- People remember events in a way that makes them look better.

Question 28

Hindsight bias

Answer 28

the tendency to think an outcome was
inevitable after the fact.
- Thinking you knew it all along

Question 29

Proactive interference:

Answer 29

when old information hinders
the recall of newly learned
information

Question 30

Retroactive interference

Answer 30

when information learned
more recently hinders the
recall of older information