chapter 8

Question 1

problem solving

Answer 1

the process of arriving at a solution

Question 2

trial and error problem solving

Answer 2

• solving new problems by attempting different solutions until 1 works
• inefficient and often unsuccessful

Question 3

analogical problem solving

Answer 3

solving problems by considering highly similar situations, or analogies

Question 4

algorithmic problem solving

Answer 4

solving problems by following a specific set of rules or an algorithm
- always successful
-inefficient

Question 5

heuristic problem solving

Answer 5

• solving problems using heuristics, “educated guess”
• defined by previous experiences
• can be efficient
• not always successful

Question 6

insight

Answer 6

the sudden discovery of the solution to the problem

Question 7

mental set

Answer 7

a cognitive obstacle that arises when exposure to previous problems results in attempts to solve new problems in old, familiar ways

Question 8

functional fixedness

Answer 8

tendency to see objects and their functions in fixed, typical ways
- counter example : life hacks

Question 9

making judgements

Answer 9

process of generating an opinion, conclusions or evaluations

Question 10

decision making

Answer 10

process of choosing the best go two or more alternatives

Question 11

heuristics

Answer 11

experience-based strategies for simplifying a problem

Question 12

Availability heuristic

Answer 12

tendency to base estimates of frequency or probability on the ease with which examples come to mind

Question 13

representative heuristic

Answer 13

the tendency to base judgements on similarity to an ideal, expectation or stereotype

Question 14

anchoring heuristic

Answer 14

• peoples judgements of the probable value of some calculation or figure are based on a starting value or guess
• when corrective feedback is given, people tend to make insufficient adjustments

Question 15

affect heuristic

Answer 15

tendency to base judgement on emotion rather than objective information

Question 16

framing effect

Answer 16

the tendency for choices to differ depending on the choices presented

Question 17

fairness bias

Answer 17

the willingness to accept a risk of total loss rather than accepting an unfair one

Question 18

hindsight bias

Answer 18

tendency to overestimate your ability to have predicted an event once you know the outcome

Question 19

confirmation bias

Answer 19

the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms your opinion

Question 20

concept

Answer 20

mental representation of an event, object or idea

Question 21

category

Answer 21

cluster of interrelated concepts

Question 22

prototypes

Answer 22

mental representations of typical or average category members

Question 23

semantic network

Answer 23

• an interconnected set of concepts within a category
• activating a node or concept activates the concept

Question 24

aphasia

Answer 24

language disorder that comes from brain damage

Question 25

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 25

a language disorder affecting speech production

Question 26

Wernick’s aphasia

Answer 26

a language disorder affecting speech comprehension and expression

Question 27

phoneme

Answer 27

most basic units of speech

Question 28

morpheme

Answer 28

smallest meaningful units of language such as a word

Question 29

semantics

Answer 29

the meaning of words

Question 30

syntax

Answer 30

the rules for combining words and morphemes into meaningful phrases and sentences

Question 31

pragmatics

Answer 31

how language is used and interpreted