chapter 8 Flashcards
problem solving
the process of arriving at a solution
trial and error problem solving
- solving new problems by attempting different solutions until 1 works
- inefficient and often unsuccessful
analogical problem solving
solving problems by considering highly similar situations, or analogies
algorithmic problem solving
solving problems by following a specific set of rules or an algorithm
- always successful
-inefficient
heuristic problem solving
- solving problems using heuristics, “educated guess”
- defined by previous experiences
- can be efficient
- not always successful
insight
the sudden discovery of the solution to the problem
mental set
a cognitive obstacle that arises when exposure to previous problems results in attempts to solve new problems in old, familiar ways
functional fixedness
tendency to see objects and their functions in fixed, typical ways
- counter example : life hacks
making judgements
process of generating an opinion, conclusions or evaluations
decision making
process of choosing the best go two or more alternatives
heuristics
experience-based strategies for simplifying a problem
Availability heuristic
tendency to base estimates of frequency or probability on the ease with which examples come to mind
representative heuristic
the tendency to base judgements on similarity to an ideal, expectation or stereotype
anchoring heuristic
- peoples judgements of the probable value of some calculation or figure are based on a starting value or guess
- when corrective feedback is given, people tend to make insufficient adjustments
affect heuristic
tendency to base judgement on emotion rather than objective information
framing effect
the tendency for choices to differ depending on the choices presented
fairness bias
the willingness to accept a risk of total loss rather than accepting an unfair one
hindsight bias
tendency to overestimate your ability to have predicted an event once you know the outcome
confirmation bias
the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms your opinion
concept
mental representation of an event, object or idea
category
cluster of interrelated concepts
prototypes
mental representations of typical or average category members
semantic network
- an interconnected set of concepts within a category
- activating a node or concept activates the concept
aphasia
language disorder that comes from brain damage
Broca’s aphasia
a language disorder affecting speech production
Wernick’s aphasia
a language disorder affecting speech comprehension and expression
phoneme
most basic units of speech
morpheme
smallest meaningful units of language such as a word
semantics
the meaning of words
syntax
the rules for combining words and morphemes into meaningful phrases and sentences
pragmatics
how language is used and interpreted
