chapter 8

Question 1

agrarian

Answer 1

culture of agricultural communities and the type of tenure system that determines access to land and the kind of cultivation practices employed there

Question 2

agribusiness

Answer 2

economic and political relationships that organizes agro-foodproduction from the development of seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product.

Question 3

agriculture

Answer 3

a science, an art, and a business directed at the cultivation of crops and theraising of livestock for sustenance and profit.

Question 4

biotechnology

Answer 4

any technique that uses living organisms (or parts of organisms) to make
or modify plants and animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses.

Question 5

subsistence agriculture

Answer 5

farming for direct consump by the producers not for sale

Question 6

intensive subsistence agriculture

Answer 6

effective and efficient useof considerable expenditure of human labour and application of fertilizer on a small parcel of land in order to maximize crop yield.

Question 7

commercial agriculture

Answer 7

farming primarily for sale, not for direct consumption

Question 8

food manufacturing

Answer 8

adding value to agricultural products through a range of treatments—
such as processing, canning, refining, packing, and packaging—that occur off the farm and before they reach the market

Question 9

globalized agriculture

Answer 9

a system of food production increasingly dependent on an economy
and a set of regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization.

Question 10

mechanization

Answer 10

replacement of human farm labour with machines

Question 11

pastorlism

Answer 11

subsistence activity that involves the breeding and herding of animals to satisfy
the human needs of food, shelter, and clothing

Question 12

shifting cultivation

Answer 12

a system in which farmers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields within which cultivation occurs.

Question 13

chemical farming

Answer 13

the application of synthetic fertilizers to the soil and herbicides,
fungicides, and pesticides to crops to enhance yields

Question 14

first agricultural revolution

Answer 14

development of seed agriculture
use of plow and draft animals

Question 15

traditional agriculture types

Answer 15

slash and burn
intensivev subsistence agriculture
pastorlism

Question 16

second agricultural revolution

Answer 16

improvements in outputs in crop and livestock yields

replacement of ox with hose or mule
new soil prep and fertilizer methods

Question 17

third agricultural revolution

Answer 17

mechanization
chemical fertilizers
food manu
factory farming

Question 18

three important developments of agriculture

Answer 18

machines replace or improve human labour
intro of industrial inputs - hybrid seeds, agrochemmicals, biotech
development of industrial substitutes