CHAPTER 8 Flashcards
levels of police
- Municipal: EPS
- Provincial: Ontario, Newfoundland and Quebec are the only provinces that have provincial police
Peace officers and sheriffs (not really provincial police but are mandated by the province) - Federal: RCMP
- Indigenous policing
courts
The objective of a criminal court is to establish case resolution of criminal charges; the determination of guilt or innocence and then the appropriate punishment if guilt is determined.
corrections
Corrections are established as a means for punishment and rehabilitation for those convicted of crimes
what are the two streams of corrections?
- Community corrections: serve sentence in the community; or final 3rd
- Institutional corrections: incarceration
what are the 3 approaches to criminal justice?
- reactive criminal justice
- proactive criminal justice
- preventative criminal justice
reactive criminal justice
- only deals with crimes that have already been committed - after the fact
- our current system
- does not reduce crime or deal with the root causes of crime
- politicians usually take a reactive stance during elections
proactive criminal justice
- dealing with crimes that are likely to occur in the near future based on past crime data
- still reactive but tries to do it better and quicker
- It won’t reduce the underlying social causes of crime
- E.g. going into an area at a specific date and time because the last couple of years of data show that these areas always seem to light with crimes at these specific dates and times
- E.g. police officers waiting in an alley where they know drugs are often sold, and either arresting the seller once he has been observed selling drugs or providing a different violation (like a warning for loitering) to deter any further illegal activity.
preventative criminal justice
- probably the most ideal approach to crime as it mitigates the potential for victimization, traumatization, and drain of resources
- best long-term outcomes
- Addresses the root causes of crime and sets things up so crime will not occur in the first place
- E.g. know that well over 60% of kids with FASD will commit crimes, stop a woman from drinking while pregnant to in the future prevent her child from having FASD, resulting in one less potential criminal
R.N.R. Model
- the model aims to manage the risk of offenders by applying intervention and programming based on that risk
- risk principle
- need principle
- responsivity principle
risk principle of the RNR model
match the level of service to the offenders’ risk to re-offend
need principle of the RNR model
assess criminogenic needs and target them in treatment
responsivity principle
maximize the offender’s ability to learn from a rehabilitative intervention by providing cognitive behavioural treatment and tailoring the intervention to the learning style, motivation, abilities and strengths of the offender (general and specific responsivity)
general responsivity
the use of cognitive social learning methods to influence behaviour
specific responsivity
“fine-tuning” of the cognitive behavioural intervention
problems with risk
- human beings are risk averse
- create risk-averse systems
- most crime has underlying social root causes
- try to manage the risk
- all they are trying to do is cover our butts
