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SOC225 - Criminology > CHAPTER 3 and 4 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

hedonism

A
  • the natural state of self-interest of a person that guides actions unless acted upon by. stronger force
  • the natural state for man is one of constant war, conflict and rivalry
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2
Q

social contract

A

the idea that to live in a society, people had to give up on some liberties or freedoms to the society

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3
Q

specific deterrence

A
  • occurs when an offender is punished for committing a crime
  • the punishment is intended to install fear in hopes that future offending will not occur
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4
Q

general deterrence

A
  • targets potential criminals by encouraging them not to engage in criminal activity using examples of punishments used
  • related to experience/learning through experience
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5
Q

free will

A

the ability to make choices

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6
Q

inductive reasoning

A

making general assumptions based on observation

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7
Q

articulated proposition

A
  • are statements set forth by theorists to explain crime
  • tested through research to assess the validity (truth)
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8
Q

unarticulated proposition

A
  • assumptions theorists make about human nature to support they theories
  • often not testable
  • e.g. the idea that humans are rational decision makers, born a clean slate
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9
Q

deterrence theory

A
  • hypothesizes that an increase in the certainty of punishment, the severity of punishment or the swiftness of punishment will result in a decrease in crime
  • articulated propositions
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10
Q

classical theories

A
  • propose that if a person is a rational thinker and has the free will to make a choice to act in a way that violated the laws of society, then that person will be held responsible for their actions
  • people are hedonistic/seeking pleasure over pain
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11
Q

determinism

A
  • an individuals actions were outside their control
  • thus should not be held accountable for his actions
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12
Q

restrictive deterrence

A
  • crime reduction brought about by heightened police presence that is temporary
  • lasts only as long as the greater police presence is maintained
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13
Q

marginal deterrence

A

where the punishment for crime should be set to be considered proportionally severe for the offence committed

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14
Q

neo-classical

A
  • emphasis placed on the offender
  • focus’s on an offenders motivation
  • the offenders rational thought process could be linked to the crime or the situation that permitted the crime
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15
Q

routine activity theory

A
  • a theory of victimization or how one becomes a victim
  • need 3 concepts:
  • a motivated offender
  • suitable traget
  • capable guardian
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16
Q

absolute deterrence

A
  • measure imposed that deters someone from ever committing another crime
  • 3 strikes legislation, where a 3rd felony conviction results in incarceration for life
17
Q

statistical

A
  • can reduce crime by fixing underlying causes of crime
  • results are not fast enough
18
Q

positive

A
  • atavistic traits: look at body characteristics
  • e.g. lombroso would see people on the street and examine bodily characteristics in passing to determine if they have criminal characteristics
  • e.g. murderers: cold, glassy eyes and a hawk-like nose
19
Q

what did goring do with lombrosos idea?

A
  • goring used lombrosos science and went to prison to see if these “criminals” all had the same characteristics
  • determined that there was instead. link between low IQ and criminality
  • this resulted in the forced sterilization of people with law IQ (primarily women)
20
Q

macro level theories

A

societal level; suggest that the massing of people in an urban environment can cause crime based on cultural conflicts, continually shifting populations and the lack of common values

21
Q

micro level theories

A

individual level; theories related to stress and strain that have been developed to explain criminal behaviour
- focus on the limited resources available to some individuals which causes the inability to achieve certain goals through traditional means

22
Q

gemeinschaft

A

the community

23
Q

gesellschaft

A

the society

24
Q

taboos

A

behaviours that are not tolerated by a society and often are made innate laws

25
Q

concentric zone theory

A
  • macro level; theory explaining urban growth/ecology
  • zone 1: inner city
  • zone 2: zone of transition (most run down areas, highest unemployment rates and criminal activity)
  • zone 3: working class homes
  • zone 4: residential areas
  • zone 5: commuter zone
26
Q

anomie

A

describes the social instability that results from the failure of norms and values to regulate members in a society

27
Q

mertons 5 types of people

A
  • conformists
  • ritualist
  • retreatist
  • rebel
  • innovators
28
Q

conformists

A
  • adhere to both the goals of society and the acceptable means of achieving these goals
  • e.g have a nice house, car, go on trips and the means of achieving those goals are education and work
29
Q

ritualist

A
  • believes in the pathway established for achieving goals set by society, but lacks the means of achieving the cultural goals
  • e.g. forced to be in school but does not care
30
Q

retreatist

A
  • did not believe in the culturally defined goals of the means of achieving these goals
  • often consist of those who are homeless, chronic alcoholics, drug addicts or severe mental illness
  • least common group in society
31
Q

rebel

A
  • a group that believed in cultural goals and the socially acceptable means of achieving those goals but does not agree with either
  • seek to change the existing social structure and create their own goals and means
  • e.g. terrorists and cults
32
Q

innovators

A
  • want to achieve the cultural goals but lack the institutionalized means
  • criminal means to obtain goals
33
Q

strain theory - merton

A
  • strain is created and experienced in the outside world
  • societal goals: owning a house, car, having a family
    societal means: education, work
  • anomie: goals emphasized more then means
  • gap between goals and means
34
Q

Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB)

A
  • an attempt by city planners and state officials to limit the land available for housing and businesses
  • zoning of particular sections of the city to control urban sprawl in an attempt to prevent social disorganization
35
Q

structural theories

A

crime lies in the STRUCTURES of society, not within people

36
Q

cohens middle class measuring rod theory

A
  1. class theory (lower and middle class)
  2. all kids start school the same (same mindset, want the same thing)
  3. no one is to blame (not the fault of the kids, parents or teachers)
  4. lower class children almost immediately have problems (with teacher; middle vs. lower class values)
  5. 2% of kids will conform; 8% will retreat; 90% experience reaction formation
  6. mutual conversion (don’t do it alone; find each other for solidarity)
37
Q

shaw + mackey ecological analysis/social disorganization

A
  1. increasing physical deterioration
  2. decreasing populations
  3. increasing dependencies
  4. increasing immigration
38
Q

ecological fallacy

A
  • assumption that its people in the low-income, welfare-dependent, and immigrant individuals, the people that live in that community committing the crime
  • when in fact criminals are most likely transporting themselves there to commit crimes (look at easy transportation; bus and train routes; freeways)

SOC225 - Criminology (5 decks)

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