CHAPTER 3 and 4

Question 1

hedonism

Answer 1

• the natural state of self-interest of a person that guides actions unless acted upon by. stronger force
• the natural state for man is one of constant war, conflict and rivalry

Question 2

social contract

Answer 2

the idea that to live in a society, people had to give up on some liberties or freedoms to the society

Question 3

specific deterrence

Answer 3

• occurs when an offender is punished for committing a crime
• the punishment is intended to install fear in hopes that future offending will not occur

Question 4

general deterrence

Answer 4

• targets potential criminals by encouraging them not to engage in criminal activity using examples of punishments used
• related to experience/learning through experience

Question 5

free will

Answer 5

the ability to make choices

Question 6

inductive reasoning

Answer 6

making general assumptions based on observation

Question 7

articulated proposition

Answer 7

• are statements set forth by theorists to explain crime
• tested through research to assess the validity (truth)

Question 8

unarticulated proposition

Answer 8

• assumptions theorists make about human nature to support they theories
• often not testable
• e.g. the idea that humans are rational decision makers, born a clean slate

Question 9

deterrence theory

Answer 9

• hypothesizes that an increase in the certainty of punishment, the severity of punishment or the swiftness of punishment will result in a decrease in crime
• articulated propositions

Question 10

classical theories

Answer 10

• propose that if a person is a rational thinker and has the free will to make a choice to act in a way that violated the laws of society, then that person will be held responsible for their actions
• people are hedonistic/seeking pleasure over pain

Question 11

determinism

Answer 11

• an individuals actions were outside their control
• thus should not be held accountable for his actions

Question 12

restrictive deterrence

Answer 12

• crime reduction brought about by heightened police presence that is temporary
• lasts only as long as the greater police presence is maintained

Question 13

marginal deterrence

Answer 13

where the punishment for crime should be set to be considered proportionally severe for the offence committed

Question 14

neo-classical

Answer 14

• emphasis placed on the offender
• focus’s on an offenders motivation
• the offenders rational thought process could be linked to the crime or the situation that permitted the crime

Question 15

routine activity theory

Answer 15

• a theory of victimization or how one becomes a victim
• need 3 concepts:
• a motivated offender
• suitable traget
• capable guardian

Question 16

absolute deterrence

Answer 16

• measure imposed that deters someone from ever committing another crime
• 3 strikes legislation, where a 3rd felony conviction results in incarceration for life

Question 17

statistical

Answer 17

• can reduce crime by fixing underlying causes of crime
• results are not fast enough

Question 18

positive

Answer 18

• atavistic traits: look at body characteristics
• e.g. lombroso would see people on the street and examine bodily characteristics in passing to determine if they have criminal characteristics
• e.g. murderers: cold, glassy eyes and a hawk-like nose

Question 19

what did goring do with lombrosos idea?

Answer 19

• goring used lombrosos science and went to prison to see if these “criminals” all had the same characteristics
• determined that there was instead. link between low IQ and criminality
• this resulted in the forced sterilization of people with law IQ (primarily women)

Question 20

macro level theories

Answer 20

societal level; suggest that the massing of people in an urban environment can cause crime based on cultural conflicts, continually shifting populations and the lack of common values

Question 21

micro level theories

Answer 21

individual level; theories related to stress and strain that have been developed to explain criminal behaviour
- focus on the limited resources available to some individuals which causes the inability to achieve certain goals through traditional means

Question 22

gemeinschaft

Answer 22

the community

Question 23

gesellschaft

Answer 23

the society

Question 24

taboos

Answer 24

behaviours that are not tolerated by a society and often are made innate laws

Question 25

concentric zone theory

Answer 25

- macro level; theory explaining urban growth/ecology - zone 1: inner city - zone 2: zone of transition (most run down areas, highest unemployment rates and criminal activity) - zone 3: working class homes - zone 4: residential areas - zone 5: commuter zone

Question 26

anomie

Answer 26

describes the social instability that results from the failure of norms and values to regulate members in a society

Question 27

mertons 5 types of people

Answer 27

- conformists - ritualist - retreatist - rebel - innovators

Question 28

conformists

Answer 28

- adhere to both the goals of society and the acceptable means of achieving these goals - e.g have a nice house, car, go on trips and the means of achieving those goals are education and work

Question 29

ritualist

Answer 29

- believes in the pathway established for achieving goals set by society, but lacks the means of achieving the cultural goals - e.g. forced to be in school but does not care

Question 30

retreatist

Answer 30

- did not believe in the culturally defined goals of the means of achieving these goals - often consist of those who are homeless, chronic alcoholics, drug addicts or severe mental illness - least common group in society

Question 31

rebel

Answer 31

- a group that believed in cultural goals and the socially acceptable means of achieving those goals but does not agree with either - seek to change the existing social structure and create their own goals and means - e.g. terrorists and cults

Question 32

innovators

Answer 32

- want to achieve the cultural goals but lack the institutionalized means - criminal means to obtain goals

Question 33

strain theory - merton

Answer 33

- strain is created and experienced in the outside world - societal goals: owning a house, car, having a family societal means: education, work - anomie: goals emphasized more then means - gap between goals and means

Question 34

Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB)

Answer 34

- an attempt by city planners and state officials to limit the land available for housing and businesses - zoning of particular sections of the city to control urban sprawl in an attempt to prevent social disorganization

Question 35

structural theories

Answer 35

crime lies in the STRUCTURES of society, not within people

Question 36

cohens middle class measuring rod theory

Answer 36

1. class theory (lower and middle class) 2. all kids start school the same (same mindset, want the same thing) 3. no one is to blame (not the fault of the kids, parents or teachers) 4. lower class children almost immediately have problems (with teacher; middle vs. lower class values) 5. 2% of kids will conform; 8% will retreat; 90% experience reaction formation 6. mutual conversion (don't do it alone; find each other for solidarity)

Question 37

shaw + mackey ecological analysis/social disorganization

Answer 37

1. increasing physical deterioration 2. decreasing populations 3. increasing dependencies 4. increasing immigration

Question 38

ecological fallacy

Answer 38

- assumption that its people in the low-income, welfare-dependent, and immigrant individuals, the people that live in that community committing the crime - when in fact criminals are most likely transporting themselves there to commit crimes (look at easy transportation; bus and train routes; freeways)