Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

wat was de status voor world war II voor psychologen

A

psychiatrists hadden psychoanalyse als medical treatment, en dus mocht alleen met een medisch degree. psychologen hadden voor administratie van testen

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2
Q

wat was het eerste psychological center

A

Lightner Witmer in 1896, aimed at helping behavioural and learning problems in children

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3
Q

the growth in these clinics was slow, and up to ww2 they were limited to dealing with school children, due to…

A

the lack of support from the academic psychologists:
1. because departments were dominated by experimental psychologists who wanted to promote the disciplines scientific basis
2. the academics did not want to upset their medical colleagues whom they needed for the expansion of their departments.

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4
Q

wat was er na ww2

A

an urgent need for psychological advice and treatment.
-> shellshock (=oorlogsneurose)

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5
Q

shellshock gave rise to…

A
  1. a need for increased psychological testing to predict who would be prone to shellshock
  2. increased pressure to treat personell who suffered from shellshock (veel mensen werden getrained, and clinical psychologists were taken on board for testing and treatment)
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6
Q

the demand for counselling provided a rich environment for new developments

A

oke

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7
Q

carl rogers

A

in 1942: proposed client-centered therapy

  • unconditional positive regard
  • empathic understanding
  • congruence, realness
    (dus niet: knowledge of physical diseases)
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8
Q

antipsychiatry after WW2

A
  • more and more unease with the way patients were treated by psychiatrists in alysums
  • input from scientific research into psychotherapy
  • psychiatrists turned to medicines for the treatment of mental disorders

-> betere status voor psychologen

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9
Q

wat vonden mensen tijdens die antipsychiatry movement

A

psychiatry = ineffective, dangerous, demeaning

vooral over lobotomy, electric shocks, treatments etc.

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10
Q

wanneer was de antipsychiatry movement

A

60s/70s

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11
Q

On being Sane in Insane Places

A

Thomas Szasz

  • had to be more respect to the rights and dignity of the patients
  • hospitalization: as short as possible, geared towards reintegration
  • prevent hospitalization, treat ppl with mental problems outside of these clinics
    (klinisch psychologen hadden hier een grote rol in want waren vaak ambassadeurs hiervoor)
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12
Q

wat was nog een reden dat klinisch psychologen meer naar psychotherapie gingen

A

resistance for treatment from non-medical practitioners, alleen psychiaters mogen medical toeschrijven.

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13
Q

the first psychoactive drugs…

A

were discovered by chance

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14
Q

psychoactive drugs radically changed the treatment of mental disorders:

A
  • contribution to non-residential therapies
  • lowering the threshold for treatment of mental health disorders
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15
Q

redenen voor meer populariteit klinische psychologie:

A
  • antipsychiatry
  • input from science
  • availability of medicines for mental disorders
  • social management and individualisation
  • increased knowledge about psychology in the population
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16
Q

social management and individualisation

A
  • steeds meer welfare states, meer aandacht voor mentale gezondheid (want mensen waren fysiek ook meer gezond).
  • social mobility: mensen gingen steeds meer weg van hun familie, daardoor niet kunnen confiden in mensen
  • growing awareness of individuality, which lead to more definition of themselves in terms of own qualities/achievements/emotions (rather than on the basis of groups). this increased the likelihood that people would want to talk to a counseller
17
Q

meer knowledge in population door..

A

mainstream education (denk aan filmpje over personaliteiten) en became part of everyday interactions. also research findings that have become part of general knowledge.

18
Q

need for tests in society (3)

A
  • authenticity tests, to expose dishonesty
  • qualifying tests to measure aptitude and competence
  • tasks to diagnose disease
19
Q

what is a test

A
  • a test contains the condition of intent (planned, arranged and given with a purpose in mind)
  • not administered to collect info about performance on the test itself, but as an indication of some other condition
  • a test involves a difference in status between test giver and test taker
20
Q

wat waren 2 first major achievements of psychologists regarding testing

A
  1. finding out they were able to define what good tests were and how this could be assessed: validity & reliability
  2. the intuitively most appealing way to obtain information about people (the interview) did not score high on reliability and validity -> most majob decisions were made on the impressons of the candidates, not their actual answers
21
Q

the psychological test as alternative: kenmerken

A
  • structured vs unstructured
  • standardized tests (limit bias)
22
Q

personality tests:

A

the woodworth personal data sheet (but the test started from the assumption that participants would answer all questions honestly, even though the available answers differed in social desirability)

23
Q

hoe tackelen we the problem of social desirability

A
  • making the questions subteler
  • including a scale to measure the bias
  • use other formats than self-report
24
Q

tests have become increasingly popular due to the individualization of society!!

A

oke

25
Q

waarom worden nu steeds meer psychologische testen gebruikt

A
  • best way to make predictions about human functioning
  • society increasingly turned to science based evidence to make decisions
  • growing individualization: increased need for information about individuals
26
Q

waarom is er steeds een increased need for tests door individualization?

A

members are more interested in what distinguishes them from others, than what they have in common.

27
Q

industrial psychology in the beginning of the 20th century

A

industrial revolution: separation between work and family.
many workers became a link in a much longer production chain.
basic philosophy of frederick taylor: if the employees would be paid enough, they would have no problem in performing simple, routine jobs

28
Q

wat lieten de hawthorne studies

A

mayo decided (on the basis of the hawthorne studies) that it was not so much the physical circumstances or the pay that determined productivity, but more the extent to which the workers found themselves valued and esteemed. -> social relationships and need for belonging.

29
Q

dus wat startte de hawthorne studies

A

the human relations movement

30
Q

wat kwam er na de human relations movement

A

human resource movement

31
Q

human resource movement =

A

t stressed that a company’s main assets are its employees, and they have to be retained and nurtured. this movement was embedded within other major societal schanges, such as change in the type of work that had to be done, and an overall increase in affluence among employees. monotonous jobs were taken over by robots & computers, and were replaced by more intellectually demanding jobs in the service sectors.

32
Q
A