CHAPTER 8

Question 1

The theory of film development refers to the principle in photography that EXPLAINS HOW THE LANTEN IMAGE in the exposed film is converted into a negative image

Answer 1

Film Development

Question 1

Stages of Film Development:

Answer 1

1. Predevelopment Water Rinse
2. Developing
3. Stop Bath – Rinse Bath
4. Fixing Bath or Fixing
5. Washing

Question 2

This is done by SIMPLY SOAKING THE FILM in water for 2 to 3 minutes while agitating the water container for every 20 seconds.

Answer 2

Predevelopment Water Rinse

Question 2

Converting the exposed image on the film INTO ACTUAL IMAGE

Answer 2

Developing

Question 2

The chemical contents are:

Answer 2

a. Reducer
b. Accelerator
c. Restrainer
d. Preservative

Question 3

This is performed by SOAKING THE FILM IN THE DEVELOPER

Answer 3

Developing

Question 3

Exposed film affects the SILVER HALIDES BUT THE CHANGE IS INVISIBLE

Answer 3

Developing

Question 4

The REMOVAL OF THE TRACES of the developer as well as it helps in the removal of excess or undeveloped silver halides.

Answer 4

Stop Bath – Rinse Bath

Question 5

This PROCESS STOP DEVELOPMENT by neutralizing the effects of the developer

Answer 5

Stop Bath – Rinse Bath

Question 5

It is also necessary to MINIMIZE THE STAINING EFFECT of the developer and at the same time conserve to some extent the strength of the
fixing solution

Answer 5

Stop Bath – Rinse Bath

Question 6

The three forms of rinse bath are:

Answer 6

a. Water Rinse Bath
b. Acid Rinse Bath
c. Hardening Rinse Bath

Question 7

is required to loosen the silver halides from the unexposed halides so THEY CAN BE WASHED AWAY

Answer 7

Fixing Bath

Question 8

also MAKES THE IMAGE PERMANENT in white light

Answer 8

Fixing Bath

Question 9

This is the FINAL PART OF THE PROCESSING CYCLE, which removes the residual chemicals and soluble silver compounds from the emulsion and reveals the image.

Answer 9

Washing

Question 10

Developing Chemicals:

Answer 10

1. Reducing Agent
2. Accelerators
3. Preservative
4. Restrainer

Question 11

The MOST IMPORTANT CHEMICAL in any developing agent

Answer 11

Reducing Agent

Question 12

It is the one that REDUCES THE EXPOSED HALIDES into visible metallic silver

Answer 12

Reducing Agent

Question 12

The two chemicals mostly used are:

Answer 12

(1) hydroquinon
(2) Metol.

Question 13

The commonly used PRESERVATIVE IS SODIUM SULFITE

Answer 13

Preservative

Question 13

The purposes of accelerators are to ENERGIZE THE REDUCING AGENT and they soften and swell the emulsion to permit the developer to penetrate deeply and quickly

Answer 13

Accelerators

Question 14

The three kinds of accelerators are:

Answer 14

Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Hydroxide
Borax

Question 15

It prevents stain and makes the developing solution MORE STABLE AND LONG LASTING

Answer 15

Preservative

Question 16

This CHEMICAL RESTRAINS THE ACTION of the exposed areas of the film and permits control of density and contrast.

Answer 16

Restrainer

Question 16

Fixing Chemicals:

Answer 16

1. Sodium Thiosulfate
2. Acetic Acid
3. Sodium Sulfate
4. Potassium Alum
5. Boric Acid

Question 17

This refers to fixing chemical commonly called “HYPO”, it is one
which dissolves the unexposed silver halides.

Answer 17

Sodium Thiosulfate

Question 18

This refers to FIXING CHEMICAL THAT IS USED TO NEUTRALIZE THE DEVELOPER

Answer 18

Acetic Acid

Question 19

This refers to fixing chemical that is ADDED TO ACETIC ACID TO NEUTRALIZE THE DEVELOPER but causes the hypo to break down, liberating sulfur

Answer 19

Sodium Sulfate

Question 20

It is added because it combines with the sulfur to form NEW HYPO

Answer 20

Sodium Sulfate

Question 21

This refers to fixing chemicals that is ADDED TO THE FIXING BATH because it has the ability to toughen or harden the emulsion

Answer 21

Potassium Alum

Question 22

This refers to the fixing chemical that is ADDED TO SLOW THE ACTION and prolong the usefulness of the bath.

Answer 22

Boric Acid