Chapter 8 Flashcards
What are enantiomers and epimers?
Enantiomers- mirror images of each other.
Epimers- carbohydrates that vary in one position for the placement of the -OH group.
What are aldoses and ketoses?
Aldose- A monosaccharide with an aldehyde group.
Ketose- A monosaccharide with a ketone group.
How many reducing and nonreducing ends are there and why?
There is one reducing end and many nonreducing ends. Having many nonreducing ends allows easy access and fast release of glucose for energy utilization. Reducing ends have active synthesis and anomeric carbon.
What are monosaccharides and disaccharides? What are some examples of each?
Monosaccharides- made of a single simple sugar unit, glucose, fructose, or galactose, and they cannot be broken down into simple sugar units.
Disaccharides- made up of two monosaccharides bonded together.
Disaccharide examples: maltose, lactose, sucrose
What is heparan sulfate? What does it impact and what type of structure does it have?
Inhibits coagulation
The heparan sulfate chain contains regions rich in sulfated sugars. It is an interaction point and has a significant role in regulating the interactions between cells and between cells and extracellular matrix. It impacts blood clotting by inhibiting coagulation. Its structure is a proteoglycan structure.
What are four types of glycoconjugates?
Proteoglycans
Glycosaminoglycans
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
How do glycoconjugates determine blood type?
differences in the type of glycoprotein (protein with carbohydrates attached) present on the surface of red blood cells
What are lectins?
Found in all organisms and are proteins that bind carbohydrates with high specificity and moderate to high affinity. Serve as cell to cell recognition, signaling, and adhesion processes and in intracellular targeting of newly synthesized proteins.
What is a neutrophil? What do they do in our lymphocytes?
A type of white blood cell.
They capture and destroy invading microorganisms, through phagocytosis and intracellular degradation, release of granules, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps after detecting pathogens. Neutrophils also participate as mediators of inflammation.
