Chapter 8

Question 1

What is a mood disorder

Answer 1

A disturbance in emotion. Interferes with daily functioning and is associated with other psych conditions (panic attacks, substance abuse, etc.)

Question 2

What is Mania?

Answer 2

Emotional state of intense but unfounded elation (ACC. by irritability, hyperactivity, distractedness, grandiose plans, etc.)

Question 3

What are the ranges for MDD (Major Depressive Disorder)?

Answer 3

Mild, Moderate, Moderate-severe, and Severe

Question 4

What is MDD?

Answer 4

Major Depressive Disorder is characterized by the loss of interest/ pleasure. A cognitive disturbance

Question 5

Are there any specifiers for MDD?

Answer 5

Seasonal patterns, psychotic features, atypical features, etc.

Question 6

Is MDD comorbid with any other illnesses? (overlap)

Answer 6

Substance disorders, panic disorders, OCD, anorexia, bulimia, BPD

Question 7

What are some risk factors for MDD?

Answer 7

High Neuroticism, traumatic childhood experiences, first-degree family members 2-4x times higher risk

Question 8

What is PDD?

Answer 8

Persistent Depressive Disorder is characterized by depressed mood for most of the day for at least 2 years (1 year for children/ ado)

Question 9

What is a Double Depression when referring to PDD?

Answer 9

Occurs when ppl w/ PDD may also experience episodes of MDD

Question 10

What is Bipolar 1?

Answer 10

Episodes of mania or mixed (both mania and depression)

Question 11

What is Bipolar 2

Answer 11

Episodes of depression accompanied by hypomania (mild mania)

Question 12

What is Cyclothymic Disorder?

Answer 12

Sub-threshold episodes of depression & hypomania

Question 13

In reference to Bipolar Disorders, what is meant by “rapid cycling” ?

Answer 13

4+ episodes in a one-year period

Question 14

Are there any age, gender, and genetic characteristics related to Bipolar Disorders?

Answer 14

Mania more common in men, depression more common in women. Develops during 20s. MZ concordance rate of 85%

Question 15

What is Seasonal Affective Disorder?

Answer 15

When bipolar and unipolar disorders are sub-diagnosed due to changing climate. Occurs mostly in people who live north

Question 16

What does the psychoanalytic theory of depression suggest?

Answer 16

Anger turned inward
(1) Anaclitic pattern: excessive interpersonal concern
(2) Introjective pattern: achievement concerns

Question 17

What is Beck’s Theory of Depression?

Answer 17

making certain logical errors and negative self-judgements

Question 18

What is the Interpersonal Theory of Depression?

Answer 18

Sparse social networks provide little support. Constantly seek reassurance from others

Question 19

What are some biological theories for MDD?

Answer 19

~ 35% heritability
Low levels of norepinephrine and dopamine lead to depression

Question 20

What is Serotonin Theory?

Answer 20

Serotonin produces both depression and mania.

Question 21

What are PSYCHOLOGICAL therapies for Mood Disorders?

Answer 21

(1) Psychodynamic: insight into the inward anger (anaclitic & introjective pattern)
(2) Cognitive & Behaviour: behavioural activation (cycle: inactivity to depression)
(3) Mindfulness-based cognitive: mindfulness, connect w/ body and mind, less rumination
(4) Psychological treatment for bipolar: psychoeducation, promotion of meds, regular routine…

Question 22

What are BIOLOGICAL therapies for Mood Disorders?

Answer 22

(1) Electroconvulsive therapy (ETC)
(2) Deep brain stimulation

Question 23

What are the different types of suicide gestures?

Answer 23

(1) Suicide ideation: thoughts and intentions
(2) Suicide attempts: self-injury behaviour intended to cause death but without success
(3) Suicide gestures: self-injury with no intent to die
(4) Suicide completion: behaviours intended to cause death w/ success

Question 24

What is Durkheim’s Sociological Theory regarding suicide?

Answer 24

(1) Egoistic Suicide: few ties with family, society, community
(2) Altruistic Suicide: response to social demands
(3) Anomic Suicide: triggered by a sudden change in a person’s relationship with society.

Question 25

What is Baumeister’s Escape Theory & Perfectionism?

Answer 25

Aware of personal shortcomings, suicidal to escape self-awareness, perfectionism is an impossible standard

Question 26

What is the “Perfection and Social Disconnection” theory?

Answer 26

Elevated levels of trait perfectionism and self-criticism

Question 27

What is Joiner’s interpersonal theory of suicide?

Answer 27

Flawed vision of the need to belong and perceived burdensomeness

Question 28

What is “Shneidman’s Approach” regarding suicide?

Answer 28

Conscious effort to seek a solution to what is causing a psychache