Chapter 8 Flashcards
State
An area organized into a political and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs.
How many states are in the world?
195 (Around 200)
Microstate
State with extremely small and areas.
Sovereignty
Independence of a state from control of its internal affairs by other states. (Formal or uniform region)
Describe the conflict in Korea regarding sovereignty.
Korea was divided into North and South after the USSR defeated Japan in WW2. The North was communist and the South was a pro-US government. In 1950, the north invaded the south. Both states want to integrate but neither want to give up their government for the other.
Describe the conflict in China and Taiwan regarding sovereignty.
Nationalists and Communists fought in 1940s. Communists won and nationalists fled to Taiwan. China and Taiwan view themselves as one nation, but other states view them as two separate ones.
Describe the conflict in Senkaku and Diaoyu regarding sovereignty.
China, Taiwan, and Japan all claim sovereignty over these islands. These islands contain conflicting airspace boundaries.
Describe the conflict in Sahrawi and West Sahara regarding sovereignty.
Western Sahara is considered sovereign by most states, but Morocco claims the territory.
Nation-state
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity.
City-state
A sovereign state that comprises of a town and surrounding farmland.
Describe the development of the state:
Villages, towns, and city-states evolved to kingdoms, empires, and eventually estates. These estates eventually developed into our modern countries.
Self-determination
The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.
Multiethnic state
State containing more than one ethnicity
Multinational state
State that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination and self-government
How do the Nazi’s actions in WWII reflect self-determination?
The Nazi’s original intentions were to originally unite all Germans into one single state.
Give an example of a successful nation-state post WWII.
Ex. South Korea, Italy, Japan
Give an example of an unsuccessful nation-state post WWII.
Ex. Yugoslavia, USSR.
Explain the USSR.
USSR stands for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It existed between 1922 and 1991, and included 15 republics based on the largest ethnicities. The largest republic was the Russian SFSR.
List the 4 regions of the USSR and the republics in each region.
- Baltic states- Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
- Central Asian States- Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan
- Caucasus- Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
- Russia
Describe cultural and ethnic distribution in the Baltic states.
Estonia-Mostly protestant Catholic, speak a Uralic
Latvia- Mostly protestant Catholic, speak a Baltic language
Lithuania- Roman Catholic, Baltic language
Describe cultural and ethnic distribution in the Central Asian States
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan are all mostly Muslim and speak an Altaic language.
Tajikistan is Muslim and speaks an Indic language
Describe cultural and ethnic distribution in the Caucasus region
Very diverse, some examples of ethnicities include Azerbaijani, Kurdish, and Karachay-Balkar
Colony
A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent.
How many colonies are there in the world?
17
The most populous colony is ___________.
Western-Sahara (500k pop)
Colonialism
An effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principals on the territory.
When did the colonial era begin?
The 1400s
Why did Europeans pursue colonialism?
To promote Christianity, extract resources, and establish power.
Devolution
The transfer of power from a central government to a lower level of government.
Irredentism
Annexation of regions because of a shared culture or language
Relic boundary
Boundary that no longer functions but can be detected on a cultural landscape. Ex. the Berlin Wall
Antecedent boundary
Boundary that existed before the present settlement. Ex. The Andes Mountains separate Chile and Bolivia.
Superimposed boundary
A boundary drawn on an area by conquering power that ignores existing cultural patterns. Ex Africa being divided in 1885.
Subsequent boundary
A boundary established after the settlement of an area. Ex. Yugoslavia
Consequent boundary
Drawn to separate groups based on ethnic, linguistic, religious, or economic differences. Ex. border between India and Pakistan.
Geometric boundary
A boundary drawn with straight lines. Ex. Antarctica.
Compact state
Distance of the boundary from the center of the state does not vary significantly.
Elongated state
Has a long or narrow shape
Prorupted state
Otherwise compact but with a large projecting extension
Perforated state
A state that completely surrounds another one
Fragmented state
Includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
Three types of national governments
democracies, autocracies, and anocracies
Democracy
A state in which citizens can run for office and vote to elect leaders.
Autocracy
A state that is run according to the interests of a ruler rather than the people
Anocracy
A state that is not fully democratic or autocratic but shows characteristics of both
Local governments within a state are organized according to one of two approaches: a _______ state and a ________ state
Unitary; federal
Unitary state
Places most of the power in the hands of central government officials.
Federal state
Allocates strong power to units of local government within the state.
.Why must legislative boundaries be redrawn periodically?
Legislative district boundaries within a state must be redrawn periodically because it is necessary to ensure that each district has the same population.
Gerrymandering
Redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power.
Terrorism
The systematic use of violence by a group calculated to create an atmosphere of fear and alarm among a population, or to make a government do something it wouldn’t normally do.
What are the two types of terrorism?
Domestic and Foreign
Characteristics of terrorists:
- Trying to achieve objectives through organized acts that spread fear and anxiety
- Viewing violence as a way of bringing attention to issues
- Believing in a cause so strongly that they do not hesitate to attack.
Jihad
Holy war
What does Boko Haram stand for?
Western education is forbidden
The three ways states support terrorism:
Sanctuary, supplying, state terrorist acts
