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A Level Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Gene definition

A

A gene is a region of DNA that codes for a polypeptide or a functional RNA

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2
Q

2 examples of functional RNA’s are

A

tRNA and rRNA

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3
Q

How many amino acids exist in nature

A

20

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4
Q

What are the 3 bases that code for an amino acid called

A

Triplet codons

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5
Q

How many triplet codons do you get from 4 bases

A

64 triplet codons

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6
Q

What is degenerate code

A

Where more than one triplet codon codes for the same amino acid

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7
Q

What is the only amino acid coded by 1 codon called

A

Methionine

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8
Q

What is the base sequence for methionine

A

AUG

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9
Q

What is a start codon?

A

Marks the beginning of a protein

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10
Q

What is a stop codon?

A

Marks the end of protein synthesis

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11
Q

What are exons

A

Coding regions of a gene

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12
Q

What are introns

A

Non-coding regions within a gene

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13
Q

What is junk DNA

A

Non-coding regions of DNA between genes

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14
Q

Comparing size, shape, proteins, chromosomes and junk DNA for eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic are shorter, circular, no proteins, no chromosomes, no junk DNA
Eukaryotic are longer, linear, has proteins, has chromosomes and has junk DNA

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15
Q

When are chromosomes visible in the cell cycle?

A

Prophase

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16
Q

2 points on chromosome structure

A

DNA is coiled around histone proteins, this creates a DNA-histone complex called chromatin is then supercoiled to make a compact chromosome structure

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17
Q

What is the specific point where a gene is found called

A

Locus

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18
Q

What does diploid mean

A

Two sets of complete chromosomes one from each parent

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19
Q

What are homologous pairs

A

They have the same genes at the same locus just different alleles

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20
Q

What are alleles

A

Different forms of the same gene

21
Q

What is a codon

A

A sequence of three bases on mRNA that codes for amino acids

22
Q

Genome definition

A

A complete set of genes in a cell

23
Q

Proteome definition

A

The proteins produced by a specific cell under a certain set of conditions

24
Q

4 points of RNA structure

A

Polymer of mono-nucleotides, single stranded, contains ribose, bases U,A,G,C

25
Q

Two types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA and transfer RNA

26
Q

When is mRNA made

A

Transcription of DNA

27
Q

Where is mRNA made

A

Nucleus

28
Q

After mRNA is made what does it do

A

Leaves the nucleus via pores in the nuclear envelope, associates with ribosomes in the cytoplasm and takes part in translation in order to form a polypeptide

29
Q

What shape is tRNA

A

Clover leaf shaped

30
Q

How does the tRNA determine what amino acid it attaches to

A

Attraction to the complementary anti codon which brings its coded amino acid with it

31
Q

What is at the opposite end of the tRNA molecule from the amino acid

A

Anticodon

32
Q

What does degenerate code mean

A

Different codons code for the same amino acid

33
Q

Comparing DNA, mRNA, tRNA: number of chains

A

DNA=2, mRNA=1, tRNA=1

34
Q

Comparing DNA, mRNA, tRNA: size

A

DNA=longest, mRNA=varied, tRNA=shortest

35
Q

Comparing DNA, mRNA, tRNA: Shape

A

DNA=double helix, mRNA=single helix, tRNA=clover-leaf

36
Q

Comparing DNA, mRNA, tRNA: sugar

A

DNA=deoxyribose, mRNA and tRNA=ribose

37
Q

Comparing DNA, mRNA, tRNA: bases

A

DNA=GCTA,mRNA and tRNA=GCUA

38
Q

Comparing DNA, mRNA, tRNA: location

A

DNA=nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts
mRNA=made in nucleus, read at ribosomes
tRNA=made in nucleus, found in cytoplasm

39
Q

Transcription (5 points)

A

DNA helicase disrupts hydrogen bonds of a segment of DNA, one strand (template strand) acts as a template, free RNA nucleotides pair with the bases on the template strand by complementary base pairing, RNA polymerase binds to the start of the gene and places and joins nucleotides together to form a single stand of pre-mRNA, the RNA closes behind the RNA polymerase until it reaches the terminator region of the gene where it detaches and the pre-mRNA is complete

40
Q

What direction does RNA polymerase work

A

3’ to 5’

41
Q

What direction is the pre-mRNA molecule made from

A

5’ to 3’

42
Q

In eukaryotic cells, how is mature mRNA made

A

Splicing

43
Q

What is splicing

A

Where introns are cut out of the sequence and exons are ligated

44
Q

What is a functional ribosome made of

A

Large and small sub-unit

45
Q

Where does protein editing happen

A

Golgi

46
Q

Translation simpler (7 points)

A

mRNA attaches to ribosomes, tRNA anticodons bind to mRNA codon, tRNA brings a specific amino acid, amino acids join by peptide bonds, amino acids join together with the use of ATP, tRNA is released to go pick up another amino acid, ribosomes move from 5’ to 3’

47
Q

Comparing DNA, mRNA, tRNA: hydrogen bonds present

A

DNA and tRNA yes, mRNA no

48
Q

What is protein synthesis

A

Transcription and Translation

A Level Biology (20 decks)

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