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A Level Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

Pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

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2
Q

What are the five types of bases

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil

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3
Q

How are nucleotides joined together

A

Condensation reaction

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4
Q

What bond is formed between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the pentose sugar of the next nucleotide

A

Phosphodiester bond

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5
Q

What way do we read DNA

A

5’ to 3’

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6
Q

What is RNA made out of

A

Single strand of polynucleotides

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7
Q

What are the 4 bases in RNA

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil

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8
Q

What are the three types of RNA

A

mRNA, tRNA and Ribosomal RNA

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9
Q

What does mRNA do

A

Transfers information from DNA to ribosome

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10
Q

What does tRNA do

A

Transfers an amino acid to the ribosome and places it into the correct sequence

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11
Q

What does ribosomal RNA do

A

Makes ribosomes from RNA and proteins

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12
Q

What are the 4 bases in DNA

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine

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13
Q

2 structures of DNA

A

double helix, extremely long

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14
Q

What sugar is in RNA

A

Ribose

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15
Q

What sugar is used in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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16
Q

How are the two strands of DNA joined together ?

A

Hydrogen bonding

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17
Q

What are the two base pairs in DNA

A

A and T
G and C

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18
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between adenine and thymine

A

Two

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19
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between guanine and cytosine

A

Three

20
Q

3 adaptations of DNA to its function

A

the two nucleotides strands are easily separated for DNA replication, DNA molecules are long to carry lots of information, nitrogenous bases are on the inside to avoid corruption and damage

21
Q

What is at the 5’ end

A

Phosphate

22
Q

What is the 3’ end

A

Sugar

23
Q

What is DNA replication

A

DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.

24
Q

5 steps of semi-conservative replication DNA replication

A

Th enzyme DNA helicase disrupts the hydrogen bonds that link the base pairs. As a result the double helix separates into its two strands and uncoils. Each exposed polynucleotide strand then acts as a template to which complementary free nucleotides bind by specific base pairing. Nucleotides are joined together in a condensation reaction by DNA polymerase to form a new strand along the old one. Each of the DNA molecules has 1 new strand and 1 old strand which is why it is called semi-conservative replication

25
Q

What two enzymes are involved in DNA replication

A

DNA helicase and DNA polymerase

26
Q

What direction does DNA polymerase work

A

3’ to 5’ on the template strand

27
Q

What direction is the new DNA strand made in

A

5’ to 3’

28
Q

5 things energy is needed for

A

Movement, growth, cell division, transmission of nerve impulses and generation of heat

29
Q

What are the three parts of ATP

A

Adenine, ribose and 3 phosphates joined in a chain

30
Q

How does ATP release energy

A

The phosphate bonds are very unstable, therefore they require low activation energy to break these bonds, when they break a considerable amount of energy is released in a hydrolysis reaction

31
Q

What enzymes catalyses the break down of ATP releasing energy

A

ATP hydrolase

32
Q

What is the equation for the synthesis of ATP

A

ATP synthase
ADP + Pi ———) ATP

33
Q

Where are the three places ATP is synthesised

A

Photosynthesising plant cells, aerobically respiring plant and animal cells, and from donor molecules

34
Q

What is the role of ATP

A

To make smaller and more manageable quantities of energy for chemical reactions and is continuously generated in mitochondria

35
Q

4 uses for ATP

A

Metabolic processes, movement, active transport, secretion of molecules using vesicles

36
Q

Why do water molecules stick

A

Several hydrogen bonds are strong

37
Q

Why is water’s specific heat capacity higher than it should be

A

Because the hydrogen bonds make it harder to separate apart

38
Q

What is cohesion

A

When water molecules stick together

39
Q

What is adhesion

A

When water molecules stick to the walls of the containers

40
Q

What is surface tension

A

A force which causes a layer if liquid to behave like an elastic sheet or skin

41
Q

3 uses of water

A

Metabolism, solvent, hydrostatic skeleton

42
Q

Name 4 inorganic ions in the body

A

Iron, phosphate, hydrogen, sodium

43
Q

Function of inorganic iron ions

A

Is in haemoglobin and binds to the O2 by use of a prosthetic group

44
Q

Function of inorganic phosphate ions

A

Used in DNA and RNA

45
Q

Function of inorganic hydrogen ions

A

pH - high concentration of H+ = low pH

46
Q

Functions of inorganic sodium ions

A

Co-transport of glucose in ileum and in nerve transmission

A Level Biology (20 decks)

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