Chapter 8 Flashcards
semantic memory
the memory
for factual knowledge
e explicit or
declarative memory.
semantic and episodic memory
iumplicit or procedural memory
no conscience, like when you need to drive
where is the episodic memory?
hippocampus and medial temporal lobe,
where are learning skills in the brain?
motor cortex
mnemonic strategies.
Setting the ABCs to music to memorize the alphabet.
Using rhymes to remember rules of spelling like “i before e except after c”
Forming sentences out of the first letter of words in order (acrostics), such as “Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally,” to remember the order of operations in algebra.
Bauer et al. (1987) concluded from their research that children aged 17-23 months
remember events in a certain order. In their experiment they asked children to give a teddy
bear a bath in a certain order, and even after six weeks the order was repeated correctly,
without prior modelling. Since taking a bath is a familiar ritual in childhood, Bauer et al.
investigated whether they got the same results if they let the child perform an unfamiliar task,
like building a rattle.
They found the same results and stated that these young children were
sensitive to causal relationships and that this means that young children have
representations of purposeful ordering, just like adults.
pupillometry
For adults, pupil dilation is larger to previously seen items than to novel items, providing an index of episodic recognition memory
‘infantile amnesia’
Autobiographical memories of events before the third year usually don’t occur
explanations for infantile amnesia
She states that infants create autobiographical
memories, but that they can’t retrieve them. Freud’s (1938) explanation for infantile amnesia
was that memories were present, but that they were suppressed so that they do not end up
in the consciousness. However, if scary/bad memories are suppressed to protect the
individual, why aren’t positive memories remembered?
Another explanation is that early memories are coded in terms of physical action or pure
sensation. You can’t retrieve them because they are stored in a different format to later
memories that are based on linguistic storage. Goswami supports this view, because girls,
who are more linguistically developed than boys, also have earlier memories.
Language therefore plays a key role in infantile amnesia.. explain
Simcock and Hayne (2002) investigated this and found that children also had non-verbal
access to memories, but that the inability to translate these memories into language
experiences meant that the memories were not stored in the autobiographical memory
Recognition memory
is the ability to recognize something that is familiar and has been experienced before. It is part of implicit memory. The recognition memory is found in other animals as well and is present early in life. Because of this, there is a discussion as to whether it is an actual cognitive ability, or whether it is just a measure of processing.
Recognition memory
is the ability to recognize something that is familiar and has been experienced before. It is part of implicit memory. The recognition memory is found in other animals as well and is present early in life. Because of this, there is a discussion as to whether it is an actual cognitive ability, or whether it is just a measure of processing.
Recognition memory is measured by …
showing children a series of pictures and then measuring how many they consider as familiar after a certain period of time. This is the traditional measurement method.
The fragment completion task -
is another way to measure the implicit memory based on a word test or a picture test. Fragments of a picture or word are shown and the participant is asked to complete it or retrieve it (recall).
