Chapter #8

Question 1

Crude Oil

Answer 1

Fossil Fuel, Non-renewable, extracted from deep well either on land or seafloor

Question 2

Light Crude oil, Paraffin wax content is….

Answer 2

Low paraffin wax content

Question 3

Heavy crude oil

Answer 3

higher density, high paraffin wax content, flow rate is slow

Question 4

Sweet crude oil

Answer 4

low sulfur content

Question 5

Canada has the ______largest oil reserves in the world and is
the ________ largest producer and fourth largest exporter of oil in the
world

Answer 5

third largest reserves, fourth largest producer

Question 6

Petroleum and Natural gas formation

Answer 6

Plants and animals the died millions of years ago, where exposed to heat and pressure for a very long time turning them into oil and natural gas.

Question 7

Where do we find oil? (Not the place but the area everytime)

Answer 7

In pore spaces between the grains of rock, either sand grains(quartz) or carbonites(limestone)

Question 8

What is oil and gas in terms of chemistry the short name

Answer 8

Hydrocarbons

Question 9

Porosity

Answer 9

The percent of space that is not occupied by solid rock grains

Question 10

permeability of the rock tells us

Answer 10

how fast the oil and gas can flow through the rock

Question 11

A fault trap occurs

Answer 11

when the formations on either side of the fault move.

Question 12

Anticline

Answer 12

is an upward fold in the layers of rock, much like a domed arch in a building.

Question 13

Anticlinal Traps

Answer 13

The oil and gas migrate into the folded porous and permeable layer and rise to the top. They cannot escape because of an overlying bed of impermeable rock.

Question 14

Fault Trap, connection to oil

Answer 14

The formations then come to rest in such a way that, when petroleum migrates into one of the formations, it becomes trapped there. Often, an impermeable formation on one side of the fault moves opposite a porous and permeable formation on the other side. The petroleum migrates into the porous and permeable formation. Once there, it cannot get out because the impervious layer at the fault line traps it.

Question 15

What is an Oil Spill?

Answer 15

An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment due to human activity and is a form of pollution.

Question 16

Oil pollution is caused by

Answer 16

any spillage of petroleum or its refined products.

Question 17

Terrestrial Spills

Answer 17

When oil spills onto land*

Question 18

The cycle of what happens to spilled oil in water/environment

Answer 18

Depending on their chemical and physical
characteristics, various hydrocarbon fractions will selectively evaporate, spread
over the surface, dissolve into water, accumulate as persistent residues, or be
degraded by microorganisms and solar ultraviolet radiation

Question 19

Evaporation (oil)

Answer 19

Gets rid of 100% gasoline, 30-50% crude oil, 10% bunker fuel

Question 20

Spreading

Answer 20

refers to the movement of an oil slick over the surface of water or land.

Question 21

Dissolution

Answer 21

causes pollution of the water beneath an oil slick.

Question 22

Residual materials(oil)

Answer 22

remain after the lighter fractions of spilled petroleum have evaporated or dissolved.

Question 23

Degradation (oil)

Answer 23

refers to the slow decomposition of spilled materials by microorganisms and by photo-oxidation by solar ultraviolet radiation.

Question 24

Acute toxicity caused by petroleum, refined products, or pure hydrocarbons is typically associated

Answer 24

with the ingestion of the materials, followed by the destruction
of cellular membranes, which results in the death of tissues.

Question 25

Methods of cleaning oil spills

Answer 25

Contain, Vacuum, Absorb, Bioremediation, Controlled burning, Dispersants, Dredging, Skimming

Question 26

Contain (Oil)

Answer 26

spill with oil booms. Booms are giant styrofoam logs wrapped in plastic that act like a floating fence.

Question 27

Vacuum (Oil)

Answer 27

up spilled oil with skimmer boats. A skimmer is a boat with special equipment that collects oil from the surface of calm waters.

Question 28

Absorb (Oil)

Answer 28

the oil with sawdust, straw, foam chips, or other sorbents.

Question 29

Bioremediation (Oil)

Answer 29

use of microorganisms or biological agents to break down or remove oil

Question 30

Controlled burning (Oil)

Answer 30

can effectively reduce the amount of oil in water, if done properly. But it can only be done in low wind and can cause air pollution.

Question 31

Dispersants

Answer 31

act as detergents, clustering around oil globules and allowing them to be carried away in the water. This improves the surface aesthetically and mobilizes the oil. Smaller oil droplets, scattered by currents, may cause less harm and may degrade more easily. But the dispersed oil droplets infiltrate into deeper water and can lethally contaminate coral. Recent research indicates that some dispersants are toxic to corals.

Question 32

Dredging

Answer 32

for oils dispersed with detergents and other oils denser than water. The process of gathering oil off the ocean floor or water source floor

Question 33

Skimming

Answer 33

a machine that separates a liquid or particles floating on another liquid (requires calm waters).

Question 34

A boom is

Answer 34

a floating barrier. It is used to stop the oil spreading. It is cheap and effective. It works best in calm water.

Question 35

high pressure hoses can be used to...

Answer 35

clean oil from beaches and rocky coastlines

Question 36

Properties of Oil that Affect Cleanup

Answer 36

Viscosity, Density, Absorptivity

Question 37

What are dispersants?

Answer 37

Dispersants applied to surface oil slicks break up the slicks and move the oil, in the form of tiny droplets, from the water surface down into the water column (the volume of water extending from the surface to the bottom).

Question 38

How Do Dispersants Work?

Answer 38

Like detergent soaps used to clean grease from your dishes. Contain molecules with a water-compatible ("hydrophilic") end and an oilcompatible ("lipophilic") end. By attaching to the oil, interfacial tension is reduced between oil and water, breaking up the oil slick.

Question 39

What Happens to Dispersed Oil?

Answer 39

Initially, dispersed oil moves down into the water column to depths ranging from 1 to 10 meters (about 3 to 30 feet). Eventually, dispersed oil droplets degrade into naturally occurring substances. (which happens due to bacteria colonizing the oil)

Question 40

What Constraints Affect Dispersant Use?

Answer 40

The effectiveness of a given dispersant depends on the type of oil spilled (it is easier to disperse lighter oils), weather conditions, and how quickly dispersants can be applied once oil has spilled. Heavier oils or highly emulsified oils, are less amenable to successful dispersion

Question 41

Environmental Impacts of Dispersant Use

Answer 41

Both dispersants and dispersed oil particles are toxic to some marine organisms. But because concentrations of dispersed oil are quickly diluted in the ocean, organisms are likely to be exposed only for short time periods.

Question 42

Damaging Effects of Oil Spills

Answer 42

* Oil on the water’s surface can catch on fire and pollute the air. * Oil can sink to the ocean floor and destroy the habitats of sea animals. * Oil can react with oxygen in the air to form acids that are carried by wind and eventually fall back to the ground as acid rain. * Oil washes up on beaches and marshes resulting in life threatening habitats for wildlife species. * Sea turtles, birds, whales, fish, otters and other animals can become oil-soaked and die. * Deer, bears, wolves, dogs, and cats can die from eating oil-soaked beach plants and animal carcasses.

Question 43

How do oil spills effect birds?

Answer 43

The most common cause of death of seabirds results from their feathers becoming oiled when they dive through or swim in oil-polluted water. This causes the birds to lose critical insulation and buoyancy, and they die from excessive heat loss leading to hypothermia or by drowning. * They also ingest toxic oil while attempting to clean their feathers by preening.

Question 44

READ Slide #8 pg 42-43 Impact on specific marine habitats

Answer 44

* Plankton is a term applied to floating plants and animals carried passively by water currents in the upper layers of the sea. Their sensitivity to oil pollution has been demonstrated experimentally. * Some marine mammals and reptiles, such as turtles, may be particularly vulnerable to adverse effects from oil contamination because of their need to surface to breathe and to leave the water to breed. * Adult fish living in near shore waters and juveniles in shallow water nursery grounds may be at greater risk to exposure from dispersed or dissolved oil. * The impact of oil on shorelines may be particularly great where large areas of rocks, sand and mud are uncovered at low tide. * The amenity value of beaches and rocky shores may require the use of rapid and effective clean-up techniques, which may not be compatible with the survival of plants and animals. * Marsh vegetation shows greater sensitivity to fresh light crude or light refined products whilst weathered oils cause relatively little damage. * Oiling of the lower portion of plants and their root systems can be lethal whereas even a severe coating on leaves may be of little consequence especially if it occurs outside the growing season. * The effects of oil on corals and their associated fauna are largely determined by the proportion of toxic components, the duration of oil exposure as well as the degree of other stresses. * The waters over most reefs are shallow and turbulent, and few clean-up techniques can be recommended. * Birds which congregate in large numbers on the sea or shorelines to breed or feed are particularly vulnerable to oil pollution. * Although oil ingested by birds during preening may be lethal, the most common cause of death is from drowning, starvation and loss of body heat following damage to the plumage by oil.

Question 45

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

Answer 45

However, the Exxon Valdez, the newest tanker in the Exxon fleet, was incompetently steered onto a submerged reef, resulting in a spill of 36-thousand tonnes of its 176-thousand t load of petroleum. About 40% of the spill washed onto shoreline habitat of Prince William Sound, while 25% was carried out of the sound by currents, and 35% evaporated at sea. Less than 10% was recovered or burned at sea.

Question 46

How can oil tanker spills be prevented?

Answer 46

* Double lined bottom instead of single metal layer. * Separate compartments for oil storage. In a double-hull tanker, the cargo tanks are separated from the ships outer hull to protect against the impact of an accident.

Question 47

How can oil spill be prevented in transportation through training of tanker crews. The things trained.

Answer 47

*Inspection * Develop better emergency procedures. * Improve navigation skills. * Highly trained marine pilots to guide vessels * Aerial monitoring activities

Question 48

OIL SPILL IMPACTS

Answer 48

* Oiled birds and marine life * Habitat disruption * Fish, Shrimp, Crab, Oyster Beds * Estuarine disruption * Food chain issues

Question 49

RECOVER & REMEDIATION Deepwater Horizon Spill

Answer 49

* Skimming * Burning * Dispersants -Natural *Evaporation *Dissolution *Bacterial action *Sinks to bottom