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1410 Chap 5 - 9 > Chapter #7 > Flashcards

Chapter #7 Flashcards

1
Q

Stealth disasters occur ____

A

Slowly

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2
Q

Sinkholes

A

Land collapsing into circular depressions

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3
Q

Land Subsidence

A

Land gradually sinking over a broad area

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4
Q

Soil destruction is caused by….

A

Nutrient depletion, Soil contamination, Erosion

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5
Q

Hydrologic Cycle

A

The water cycle.
The 4 main components
Evaporation, Convection, Precipitation and Collection.

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6
Q

Water cycles through…

A

Land and Organisms
Lakes and Streams
Oceans and ice
Earth’s atmosphere

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7
Q

Surface Water examples

A

Lakes, streams, wetlands, snow, and glaciers

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8
Q

Soil moisture

A

Water clinging to minerals or organic material

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9
Q

Ground water

A

Water underground in rock and sediment pores

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10
Q

Most surface water is, drinkable or undrinkable?

A

undrinkable salt water

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11
Q

Water consumption growth is caused by…

A

Growing human population
Improving living standards

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12
Q

Fresh water withdrawals, list the main sectors

A

70% Agricultural
19% Industry
11% Municipally

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13
Q

Fresh water consumption concerns for society

A

Political and economic factors can drive shortages.
Productivity disruptions
Military conflicts

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14
Q

Watershed

A

An area that refills fresh water reservoirs

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15
Q

Depletion

A

When extraction exceeds replenishment

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16
Q

Pollution Sources (For water)

A

Garbage
Chemicals
Fertilizer
Pesticides
Animal Waste

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17
Q

Eutrophication

A

Nutrients form fertilizer and sewage cause algal blooms.
Algae depletes water and oxygen when it dies

occurs when the environment becomes enriched with nutrients, increasing the amount of plant and algae growth to estuaries and coastal waters.

Eutrophication is considered to be a serious environmental concern since it often results in the deterioration of water quality and the depletion of dissolved oxygen in water bodies. Eutrophic waters can eventually become “dead zones” that are incapable of supporting life.

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18
Q

Salinification

A

Evaporation > addition
Diverted freshwater inputs
Irrigation leaches soil salts

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19
Q

Groundwater

A

water in pores of sediment and bedrock

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20
Q

Recharge area

A

The region where water enters the ground

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21
Q

Discharge area

A

The region where water returns to the surface

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22
Q

Pores

A

Open spaces between mineral grains

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23
Q

Porosity

A

percentage volume of open space

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24
Q

Permiability

A

The degree of pore connectivity

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25
Q

Permeable Rock

A

Open conduits allow ground water flow

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26
Q

Impermeable rock

A

Cement between minerals blocks groundwater flow

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27
Q

Aquifer

A

Sediment or rock with high permeability and porosity

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28
Q

Aquitard

A

Sediment or rock with low permeablity

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29
Q

Unsaturated zone

A

pores contain just air, or both air and water

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30
Q

Saturated zone

A

water completely fills pores

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31
Q

Water table

A

Boundary between saturated and unsaturated zones

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32
Q

When does a water table rise and sink?

A

Rises during wet season, and sinks during dry season

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33
Q

Springs

A

Natural outlets where groundwater seeps to surface

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34
Q

Aquitards may produce….

A

perched water tables

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35
Q

Wells

A

Pits or holes into which groundwater seeps

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36
Q

Producing wells

A

Penetrate aquafers and produce water

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37
Q

Dry wells

A

Do not penetrate aquafers

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38
Q

Ordinary wells

A

Water is lifted by buckets or pumps

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39
Q

Artesian wells

A

water rises under its own pressure

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40
Q

Depleting ground water supplies can cause a specific threat, which is called

A

A societal threat

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41
Q

Drawdown

A

Water is pumped from a well faster than it can replenish. Causes the water table to sink

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42
Q

Groundwater depletion

A

May occur due to over extraction.
May occur due to damaged recharge areas

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43
Q

Recharging a depleted reservoir can take how long?

A

could take a millennia

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44
Q

Ground water should be viewed as a renewable or nonrenewable source?

A

Nonrenewable

45
Q

Effects of ground water depletion

A

 Shallow wells, lakes, reservoirs,
rivers, and wetlands dry up.
 Pores in weakly cemented rock
collapse, causing land to sink.

46
Q

Natural contamination

A

Can occur from minerals in an aquifer, Ex: Arsenic from pyrite may leach into groundwater.

47
Q

Anthropogenic contamination

A

Injection wells
Chemical and sewage spills
Leaking underground oil tanks

48
Q

Water security

A

Access to safe and affordable water.

Currently we have a growing lack of water security

49
Q

Physical Scarcity (Water)

A

There is not enough water

50
Q

Economic Scarcity

A

There is enough water, but economic reasons make water unfit or unobtainable/unavailable

51
Q

Conservation

A

Decreases consumption
Lifestyle changes
Crop and irrigation changes

52
Q

Can conservation and economic growth occur together?

A

Yes

53
Q

What causes Water stress(Like what can cause us to be scared):

A
  • Agriculture and urban use
  • Surface water pollution
  • Paved and/or deforested recharge areas
  • Wetlands filled for housing
  • Inadequate rainwater harvesting
  • Inadequate purification and distribution
  • Dropping precipitation rates
54
Q

Caverns

A

Open underground spaces without sunlight

55
Q

Cavern collapse

A

When the roof of a cavern collapses

56
Q

Sinkholes

A

Circular pits caused by cavern collapse

57
Q

Karst terrain

A

a landscape with numerous sinkholes

58
Q

Caverns form at water table, because of:

A

Highest acidity at water table
Fastest flow at water table moves dissolved minerals

59
Q

Caverns develop when?

A

Water tables drop

60
Q

Speleothems

A

Calcite formations within caverns

61
Q

How to Karst landscapes develop

A

as caverns collapse

62
Q

Dissolution sinkholes

A

Water dissolves surface rock and creates a depression

63
Q

Cover-subsidence sinkholes

A

Loose sediment washes into underground space

64
Q

Collapse Sinkholes

A

The roof of the cavern suddenly falls to the cavern floor

65
Q

Collapse can be triggered by…

A

Heavy rain
Building construction
Lowering water table

66
Q

Does expanding communities increase sinkhole disaster risk?

A

Yes

67
Q

LIDAR

A

Light detection and ranging

Is used to detect sinkholes, even those covered by vegetation

68
Q

Resistivity survey

A

Measures underground electricity flow.
Air-filled voids have lower-relative conductivity

69
Q

Gravity survey

A

Measures local gravity field.
Air-filled voids have lower relative gravity.

70
Q

Ground-penetrating radar

A

Radar may reveal a cavers roof and floor

71
Q

Seismic reflection profiling

A

Seismic waves may reveal air filled voids

72
Q

Sediment liquefaction

A

When soil is transformed into a liquid-like slurry.
Due to sudden ground shaking or influx of water.

73
Q

Evaporites

A
  • Sedimentary rock containing halite and gypsum.
  • Halite and gypsum quickly dissolve in water.
  • Evaporite sinkholes can develop in just hours.
74
Q

What will the government do and not do regarding sink holes?

A

Does Not: Asses sinkhole likelihood, does not fill sinkholes on private land

Will do: Buy sinkhole insurance

75
Q

What are the signs of an evolving sinkhole?

A
  • Cracks in sidewalks
  • A growing ground depression
  • Ill-fitting doors and windows
  • Cloudy well water
  • Dropping well water level
  • Tilting telephone poles
76
Q

Subsidence

A

When land sinks over a broad area

77
Q

Water in pore spaces supports what?

A

unconsolidated sediment

78
Q

Removing water from pores casues?

A

sediment to pack together

79
Q

Pore collapse decreases..

A

rock and sediment porosity, as well as thickness of sedimentary beds

80
Q

Subsidence is not uniform:

A
  • Some areas may begin tilting.
  • Large fissures, hundreds of meters long, may open.
  • Flooding may increase.
  • Slope changes may cause streamflow and ecosystem disruptions.
  • Sewer lines and water mains may stop flowing properly.
81
Q

Deltas

A

Wedges of sediment deposited by a river

82
Q

Flood Plains

A

Flat lands bordering a river that regularly flood

83
Q

Coastal Plains

A

Low-lying lands along some continental margins

84
Q

Subsidence occurring for 3 reasons:

A
  • Dams and levees prevent flooding and thus sediment deposition.
  • Surface sediment has dried out, shrunk, and oxidized.
  • Groundwater, oil, and gas extraction have caused pore collapse.
85
Q

Longwall coal mining (Subsidence):

A
  • Mine collapses as grinder and enclosure move.
  • Overlying land sinks.
86
Q

Roof-and-pillar coal mining (Subsidence):

A
  • Weak pillars may fail, causing overlying land to sink.
87
Q

Coal bed fires also cause….

A

subsidence

88
Q

Salt mines may collapse if…

A

water dissolves halite

89
Q

Modifying agents of soil(Good things):

A

Rain, air, organisms and decaying organic matter

90
Q

Soil destruction is a ______disaster. Which can create problems of…

A

stealth disaster.
* Food production is at risk.
* Famine may result.

91
Q

3 processes form soil:

A
  • Weathering breaks rock into sediment.
  • Rain percolates through sediment.
  • Organisms physically and chemically alter sediment.
92
Q

Zone of leaching

A

Where percolating water picks up ions and clay flakes

93
Q

Zone of accumulation

A
  • Where minerals precipitate from percolated water
  • Where clay is deposited
94
Q

Topsoil

A
  • Modified by leaching
  • Contains the most organic matter and nutrients
  • Supports plant growth
95
Q

Subsoil

A
  • Lacks significant carbon
  • Poor soil for plant growth
96
Q

Soil diversity caused by many interacting factors:

A
  • Climate
  • Source rock
  • Slope
  • Vegetation
  • Time
97
Q

Soil degradation includes:

A
  • A reduction in the quantity
  • A reduction in fertility
98
Q

Soil depletion:

A
  • Crops absorb soil’s nutrients.
  • Fertility declines over time.
99
Q

Soil texture. Good example and what can ruin the texture

A
  • Good soil is porous, permeable, and a bit sticky.
  • Plowing, heavy equipment, and animals can ruin texture.
100
Q

Soil contamination

A
  • Chemicals, overfertilization, oil spills, and landfills
  • Salt deposits
101
Q

Soil Erosion

A

 Wind and water pick up and carry away soil particles.
Deforestation removes soil’s protective vegetation cover

102
Q

Soil Erosion effects on Agriculture

A
  • Commercial crops have lower root densities.
  • Farm fields lie exposed to wind and water most of the year.
  • Heavy farm equipment breaks surface soil particles.
103
Q

Dust storms

A
  • A wall of dust up to 1.5 km high
  • Reduce visibility and coat everything in fine sediment
  • May cause silicosis (damaged lungs) from repeated exposure
  • May contain toxic agricultural chemicals
104
Q

Mitigation measure against dust storms

A
  • Prevent intensive farming
  • Change plowing methods
  • Leave post-harvest stubble
  • Grow windbreaks
  • Plant cover crops
105
Q

Soil Conservation techniques

A
  • Constructing fewer impervious (asphalt and concrete) surfaces
  • Modifying plowing techniques
  • Rotating crops
  • Planting cover crops
  • Practicing no-till farming
106
Q

Expansive Soil

A

Soil that expands and shrinks due to wetting and drying

107
Q

Potential problems with expansive soil

A

Unequal wetting and drying may crack foundations
Buildings, homes, roads, and pipelines may be damaged.

108
Q

Protection for buildings against Expansive soil

A
  • Build foundations on deep piles, below movement layer
  • Improve drainage around buildings.

1410 Chap 5 - 9 (5 decks)

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