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1410 Chap 5 - 9 > Chapter #6 > Flashcards

Chapter #6 Flashcards

1
Q

Tsunami Tigger’s include,

A
  • Earthquakes
  • Landslides
  • Explosive volcanic eruptions
  • Meteorite impacts
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2
Q

How are Tsunami’s generated?

A

The sudden movement of a large mass against the sea surface.

These masses include:
* the seafloor shifting up or down
* a submarine and/or subaerial landslide
* a pyroclastic flow
* an air blast from an explosive volcanic eruption
* a meteorite impact

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3
Q

Tsunamis are not _____

A

Tsunamis are not tidal waves or large storm waves

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4
Q

What creates the multiple waves in a Tsunami?

A

The equilibrium of the water is disrupted, either pushing water up or down, then the gravitational force attempts to restore equilibrium forming multiple waves.

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5
Q

Trough (Tsunami)

A

The line along which water depth is at it’s lowest

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6
Q

Crest (Tsunami)

A

The line along which water depth is at it’s highest

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7
Q

Tsunami wave characteristics depend on 3 variables, these are

A
  1. The area over which the generating mass moves
  2. The amount of movement
  3. The velocity of movement
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8
Q

Class Question #1
Why are tsunamis classified as gravity waves?

a) Gravity causes the seafloor to suddenly rise, pushing up the water’s
surface.

b) Gravity acts as a restoring force that returns water to its equilibrium
level.

c) Gravity differences between the seafloor and continental rock
create very high tsunami waves.

d) Gravity increases the complexity of tsunami waves as they
propagate across open oceans.

A

b) Gravity acts as a restoring force that returns water to its
equilibrium level. (correct answer)

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9
Q

Tsunami height variables include,

A
  • The distance between source and location
  • The amount of water pushed by mass
  • The shape and velocity of the mass pushing the water
  • wave reflection, refraction, and interference
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10
Q

Are tsunami waves faster near the shore or open sea?

A

They are faster at open sea

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11
Q

Velocity of Tsunami waves formula is

A

C = sqrt(gD)

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12
Q

Wave energy of Tsunami waves formula is

A

E = 0.125pgH^2L

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13
Q

Drawback (Tsunami)

A

When a approaching tsunami trough lowers at sea level

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14
Q

Tsunami Elevation

A

The greatest vertical distance from a crest and sea level

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15
Q

Inundation distance

A

The horizontal distance between the normal shore line and the inundation limit

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16
Q

Run-up elevation

A

The vertical distance from the normal shoreline to the inundation limit

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17
Q

Coast factors that increase wave height include,

A
  • Sand bars due to shallow depth
  • Bays and estuaries due to narrowing of wave energy focus
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18
Q

How many waves are in a train, and how long for the entire event

A

6 - 25 waves, 3-6 hours

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19
Q

Storm waves

A
  • Limited drawback and inundation distance
  • Wave period: 5 - 20 seconds
  • Shallow wave base moves a small amount of water
20
Q

Tsunamis

A
  • Extensive drawback and inundation distance
  • Wave period: 10 min - 2 hours
  • Deep wave base moves a large volume of water
    Tsunamis have more dynamic pressure due to faster velocity
21
Q

Wind driven waves go how far? And their characteristics

A

Only make it to the beach, they are more narrow and carry a small volume of water in a single wave.

22
Q

Characteristics of a Tsunami, and how far do waves go?

A

They go over the beach since they are much wider and carry a large volume of water.

23
Q

Class Question #2
How are storm waves different from tsunamis?

a) Storm waves have deeper wave bases than tsunamis.

b) Storm waves have more dynamic pressure than tsunamis.

c) Storm waves have shorter drawbacks and wave periods than
tsunamis.

d) Storm waves contain greater volumes of water than tsunamis.

A

c) Storm waves have shorter drawbacks and wave periods than
tsunamis. (correct answer)

24
Q

Destruction from Tsunamis, list the 3

A

Drawback: Debris and sediments are tumbled and crushed, sand is stripped from beach
Rising Water: Carries boats inland breaking chains, harbors fill up with water
Water moving on shore: Vehicles, trees, and debris are tumbled and crushed, buildings are crushed or carried off foundations

25
Q

Convergent Boundaries

A

Normal faults develop in sinking lithospheric plates. Thrust faults develop in accretionary prisims

26
Q

Sudden vertical movement displaces water, what do normal, thrust, and strike slip faults do?

A

Normal: Pull water below equilibrium level
Thrust: Lift water above equilibrium level
Strike Slip: Do not often produce vertical motion

27
Q

Accretionary Prism (AP) at convergent margin does,

A
  • Shortens horizontally
  • Thickens vertically
  • Land elevation slowly rises
28
Q

What two motions occur to AP when slip occurs?

A
  1. Face quickly moves seaward
  2. Land elevation quickly sinks
29
Q

What are the Ghost Forests of Cascadia?

A

Land that has been subsided and has risen again, is filled with dead cedar trunks

30
Q

Continential Margin Sticks

A

Margin shortens horizontally and rises vertically. Forests grew on dry land.

31
Q

Continental Margin Slips

A

Margin moves westward from megathrust earthquake
Land surface subsides and becomes a salt marsh
Forests die in salt water
Peat forms in salt marshes

32
Q

How where the Ghost Forests formed?

A

By Margin stick, then Margin slip, then margin stick

33
Q

Class Question #3
What are emergency officials doing to protect the populations of
coastal Washington and Oregon from a future megathrust earthquake?

a) creating maps illustrating near-field tsunami inundation levels

b) measuring slip along the San Andreas fault and creating models
predicting future movement

c) draining coastal areas that may be subject to sudden flooding as a
result of subsidence

d) excavating slopes and creating levees to direct and control sudden
flows of seawater

A

a) creating maps illustrating near-field tsunami inundation levels
(correct answer)

34
Q

Subaerial Land slides

A

Push waters surface down

35
Q

Submarine landslides

A

Pulls waters surface down, landslide toe pushes waters surface up

36
Q

Class Question #4
Select the tertiary disaster that resulted from the 1998 Papua New
Guinea tsunami.

a) Two thousand people were killed by the tsunami that carried sand,
coral, and debris.

b) The force of the wave flattened palm trees on barrier islands
between the sea and lagoons.

c) Numerous villages along the northern coast were destroyed by the
tsunami.

d) Witnesses suffered post-traumatic stress and became distraught
when discussing the event, even years later.

A

d) Witnesses suffered post-traumatic stress and became
distraught when discussing the event, even years later. (correct
answer)

37
Q

Secondary disasters from Tsunamis include,

A

Tsunamis destroy roads and
bridges.
 Tsunamis cut power, water, gas,
and sewage lines.
 Transportation and essential
emergency services are blocked.
 Mold and rot are common.
 Lack of sanitation creates
cholera and dysentery
infections.
 Malaria cases rise from
increased mosquito breeding.
 Poor, marginalized communities
are left traumatized and jobless.

38
Q

Tsunami relive and recovery is challenging because,

A

Roads are buried or damaged. Communication systems are destroyed
Hover crafts may be the only way to access communities
Ships often become hospitals

39
Q

Tsunami relief priorities

A
  • Food
  • Water
  • Shelter
  • Health care
40
Q

DART Buoys are? and are used for?

A

They are buoys that send signals to satellites, from tsunami pressure pulses under the water which are read by a pressure recorder.

41
Q

Class Question #5
How do DART buoys work?

a) Buoys emit loud sirens to warn coastal communities of an incoming
tsunami wave train.

b) Buoys send “take cover” emergency messages to social media apps.

c) Buoys send warnings that travel at the speed of light to a receiver on
land.

d) Buoys create an interlocking superstructure that slows tsunami
wave trains while they are in the open ocean.

A

c) Buoys send warnings that travel at the speed of light to a
receiver on land. (correct answer)

42
Q

NOAA organizations include,

A
  • Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
  • National Tsunami Warning Center
  • Calculate potential tsunami arrival times
43
Q

Tsunami watch

A

conditions exist that may generate a tsunami

44
Q

Tsunami warning

A

A tsunami is approaching

45
Q

Public awareness

A

Communication and response plans are essential.

1410 Chap 5 - 9 (5 decks)

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