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GENE 3200 Test 4 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

A chromosomal alteration in which the gene dosage is changed

A

Unbalanced

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2
Q

A type of unbalanced chromosomal alteration in which part of a chromosome is doubled

A

Duplication

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3
Q

A type of unbalanced chromosomal alteration in which part of a chromosome is lost

A

Deletion

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4
Q

A chromosomal alteration in which the gene dosage is not changed

A

Balanced

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5
Q

A type of balanced chromosomal alteration in which the gene order on part of a chromosome is reversed, occurs when chromosomes break and are reattached in the wrong orientation

A

Chromosome Inversion

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6
Q

A type of balanced chromosomal alteration in which part of a chromosome is moved to another chromosome, occurs when a chromosome breaks and is reattached to a non-homologous chromosome

A

Chromosome Translocation

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7
Q

Multi-gene families generated by duplications in which duplicated copies can evolve new functions and expression patterns

A

Paralogs

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8
Q

A gene where the mutant phenotype occurs only when one copy of the gene is present

A

Haploinsufficient gene

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9
Q

Recombination at misaligned chromatids, usually occurs with sequences that are very similar

A

Unequal Crossing Over

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10
Q

A type of chromosome inversion in which the inverted portion involves only one chromosome arm (does not occur across the centromere)

A

Paracentric Inversion

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11
Q

A type of chromosome inversion that occurs when the inverted portion involves both chromosome arms (occurs across the centromere)

A

Pericentric Inversion

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12
Q

When crossing over occurs, but the only viable offspring are recombinant. Usually occurs when crossing over occurs within the inversion, meaning inversion heterozygotes have reduced fertility

A

Crossover Suppression

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13
Q

One of the three types of translocation, in which pieces on two non-homologous chromosomes switch places

A

Reciprocal Translocation

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14
Q

One of the three types of translocations in which a piece of one chromosomes is translocated to a nonhomologous chromosome

A

Nonreciprocal Translocation

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15
Q

When homologs segregate to opposite daughter cells

A

Disjunction

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16
Q

When homologs are retained together in the same daughter cell

A

Nondisjunction

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17
Q

A pattern of meiotic segregation in a reciprocal translocation heterozygote in which it is balanced and there is disjunction

A

Alternate

18
Q

A pattern of meiotic segregation in a reciprocal translocation heterozygote in which it is unbalanced and there is disjunction

A

Adjacent-1

19
Q

A pattern of meiotic segregation in a reciprocal translocation heterozygote in which it is unbalanced and there is nondisjunction

A

Adjacent-2

20
Q

One of the three types of translocation in which two breaks occur on non-homologous chromosomes with reciprocal exchange between acrocentric chromosomes, results in the total number of chromosomes being reduced by 1

A

Robertsonian Translocation

21
Q

The number of chromosomes in a basic set of chromosomes

A

Monoploid

22
Q

When each organism contains multiples of the basic chromosome set

A

Euploid

23
Q

The number of chromosome sets

A

Ploidy

24
Q

The number of chromosome present in gametes, always 1/2 the total number of chromosomes

A

Haploid

25
Q

Incomplete sets of chromosomes, results from a change in the number of individual chromosomes

A

Aneuploidy

26
Q

A type of aneuploidy, 2n-2

A

Nullisomy

27
Q

A type of aneuploidy, 2n-1

A

Monosomy

28
Q

A type of aneuploidy, 2n+1

A

Trisomy

29
Q

A type of aneuploidy, 2n+2

A

Tetrasomy

30
Q

When two homologous chromosomes or chromatids segregate to the same pole, can occur in meiosis 1 or meiosis 2

A

Nondisjunction

31
Q

A type of down syndrome (95% of cases) that results from nondisjunction during meiosis 1 in females

A

Primary Down Syndrome

32
Q

A type of down syndrome (5% of cases) that results from a Robertsonian translocation between chromosomes 14 and 21.

A

Familial Down Syndrome

33
Q

The basic chromosome number of a single, complete set of non-homologous chromosomes, not the same as n in polyploids

A

x (monoploid) number

34
Q

More than the normal number of complete sets of chromosomes, results from a rare genome doubling

A

Polyploidy

35
Q

3x polyploidy

A

Triploid

36
Q

4x polyploidy

A

Tetraploid

37
Q

5x polyploidy

A

Pentaploid

38
Q

6x polyploidy

A

Hexaploid

39
Q

Polyploids derived from a single species, results from nondisjunction during mitosis in 2n cells of an early embryo (autotetraploid) or nondisjunction during meiosis that produces a diploid gamete that is fertilized with a 1n gamete (autotriploid)

A

Autopolyploids

40
Q

Polyploids derived from two or more species, results from the union of haploid gametes from two different species followed by chromosome doubling

A

Allopolypoids

GENE 3200 Test 4 (5 decks)

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