chapter 8&12

Question 1

Archival measures

Answer 1

Measures in which the researcher consults existing records to measure variables.

Question 2

Archives

Answer 2

Documents or records intended to preserve information.

Question 3

Closed-ended questions

Answer 3

Questions that force a participant to choose one of several possible answers. Closed-ended questions yield quantitative data, with choices that are easily counted or averaged and compared among participants.

Question 4

Double-barreled question (also called compound question and double-direct question)

Answer 4

A question that asks about more than one issue, yet allows for only one answer.

Question 5

Exhaustive

Answer 5

Covering all possibilities. In a multiple-choice question, the list of answer choices should cover all possible answers to the question that could exist.

Question 6

Faking bad

Answer 6

A response set in which participants give answers that exaggerate negative behaviors, characteristics, or symptoms.

Question 7

Internal reliability

Answer 7

Consistency in participants’ performance on items within a test that are intended to measure the same construct or factor.

Question 8

Items

Answer 8

Questions on a questionnaire or in an interview.

Question 9

Leading question

Answer 9

A question designed to elicit a particular response

Question 10

Loaded question

Answer 10

A type of leading question that involves using emotional wording that would likely trigger an emotional response from participants and influence their answers.

Question 11

Likert scale

Answer 11

A type of rating scale that requires participants to choose one of several points on a continuum to indicate how strongly they agree or disagree with a statement.

Question 12

Multiple-choice questions (also called forced-choice questions)

Answer 12

Questions that require the participant to select one response from a list of possible choices. There can be as few as two choices (e.g., yes/no questions or true/false questions) or many choices.

Question 13

Mutually exclusive

Answer 13

The quality of having no overlap. In a multiple-choice question, no answer choice should overlap or repeat the contents of any other answer choice.

Question 14

Nay-saying

Answer 14

A response set in which a participant answers questions negatively regardless of the questions’ content.

Question 15

Noise

Answer 15

Meaningless data that make it harder to identify or understand the variables of interest.

Question 16

Open-ended questions

Answer 16

Questions that allow participants to respond in their own words; may provide qualitative data or quantitative data.

Question 17

Participant observation

Answer 17

An observational technique in which a researcher pretends to be a participant (e.g., posing as a member of a group) and surreptitiously gathers data while observing activity as it occurs.

Question 18

Physiological measures

Answer 18

Measurement of variations in participants’ physiological states, usually obtained by using highly calibrated instruments.

Question 19

Qualitative data

Answer 19

Contains detailed, varied responses that can be difficult to compare.

Question 20

Quantitative data

Answer 20

Contains choices that are easily counted or averaged and compared among participants.

Question 21

Ranking scale questions

Answer 21

Questions that require the participant to arrange the options in order of preference or importance.

Question 22

Rating scale questions

Answer 22

Questions that require the participant to rate (i.e., assign a quantitative value to) each item based on a scale

Question 23

Reliability

Answer 23

The extent to which a measurement is consistent.

Question 24

Response set

Answer 24

A tendency to answer questions in a systematic manner that is unrelated to their content. Response sets reduce the validity of self-report measures.

Question 25

Reverse coding

Answer 25

A method of scoring answers such that responding Yes earns a point on some items and responding No earns a point on other items.

Question 26

Reverse wording

Answer 26

A method of arranging survey items such that some items are phrased positively and others negatively; reverse wording is often used to minimize nay-saying and yea-saying response sets.

Question 27

Rubric

Answer 27

Contains the objectively correct answers for open-ended questions and can be used to compare responses.

Question 28

Self-observation

Answer 28

A process in which participants record their own actions as they happen.

Question 29

Self-report

Answer 29

A process in which participants are asked to recall what they remember about their past actions or other information about themselves; often used with questionnaires and interviews.

Question 30

Semantic differential scale

Answer 30

A type of rating scale that uses pairs of opposites, such as bad–good, unpleasant–pleasant, or competitive–cooperative, as response anchors at either end of a continuum. Participants are given a topic or statement and respond to it by choosing a point on the continuum that best describes their response.

Question 31

Social desirability

Answer 31

A response set in which participants give answers that are in accordance with social norms or the perceived desires of the researcher rather than genuinely representative of their actual views, behaviors, or symptoms.

Question 32

Split-half reliability

Answer 32

Consistency in participants’ performance on the first half of the test items compared to the second half of the test items.

Question 33

Test-retest reliability

Answer 33

Consistency in participants’ performance when tested twice under similar conditions.

Question 34

Yea-saying

Answer 34

A response set in which a participant answers questions positively regardless of the questions’ content.

Question 35

APA style

Answer 35

The editorial style of the social and behavioral sciences, which includes guidelines for scientific writing, including section content, organization, and formatting.

Question 36

Biased language

Answer 36

Word choice that reflects systematic biases in race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, gender, or disability when describing participants in a research study.

Question 37

Digital object identifier (DOI)

Answer 37

Permanent, direct link to an article which is included at the end of a periodical reference.

Question 38

Figure

Answer 38

An image designed to more easily communicate what would be difficult to explain in words alone. Examples include graphs, charts, maps, drawings, and photographs.

Question 39

Hanging indent

Answer 39

APA formatting style in which each line of a reference entry after the first line is indented one half inch from left margin.

Question 40

Identity-first language

Answer 40

Word order that puts a disability first, followed by information about the individual.

Question 41

Intersectionality

Answer 41

The intersection of many factors including social, cultural, structural, economic, and sociobiological factors, in the formation of individual identity and social systems.

Question 42

Manuscript

Answer 42

A paper that has not yet been published.

Question 43

Narrative citation

Answer 43

Author-date information in APA style that is used within the text to introduce or credit information from an outside source, thus: “Author and colleagues (2015) explained that….”

Question 44

Parenthetical citation

Answer 44

Author-date information in APA style placed in parentheses following information from an outside source, thus: (Author, Year).

Question 45

Person-first language

Answer 45

Word order that puts an individual first, followed by a descriptive term or phrase.

Question 46

Plagiarism

Answer 46

The failure to properly credit the sources of information used in your work.

Question 47

Reference entry

Answer 47

Each entry in a reference list that includes the full information that can be used to locate an outside source.

Question 48

Running head

Answer 48

Also known as the page header, it is a brief title in all caps that is included on the top of each page of a manuscript.

Question 49

Sexual orientation

Answer 49

One part of an individual’s identity that encompasses feelings of sexual and emotional attraction, and corresponding behaviors, and social affiliations.

Question 50

Table

Answer 50

Authoring tool for organizing data that the reader should compare and contrast.

Question 51

Talk

Answer 51

An oral presentation of one’s research.